الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
There are multiple definitions of addiction, each appropriate to different purposes and contexts. In general, aaddiction is the continued repetition of a behaviour despite adverse consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviours.
Addictions may include, drug abuse, exercise addiction, food addiction, sexual addiction, computer addiction and gambling. People abuse substances such as drugs, alcohol, and tobacco for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that our society pays a significant cost. The toll for this abuse can be seen in the hospitals and emergency departments through direct damage to health by substance abuse and its link to physical trauma.
Our efforts were concentrated on heroin addiction. For this reason 65 individual of heroin addicts were enrolled in the work, to through more light on some parameters that may change from heroin addiction.
The present thesis is composed of nine chapters divided according to the following parts:
Chapter I: Is devoted to Give an introduction and some notes on the addiction, in general, with more specificity on heroin addiction as the main aim of the thesis. The student also mentioned the health hazards from this type of addiction and its distribution in the worldwide and Egypt.
Chapter II : Includes some basic considerations on the definition of addiction with special reference to heroin as the most serious type of addiction, and its distribution all over the world and its distribution in Egypt. Also, this chapter includes notes the chemical structure of heroin and its preparation in the laboratory from morphine. The chapter includes notes on the routes of heroin administration, e.g., oral, sniff, injection, smoking, Insufflations, suppository, etc. In addition, addiction terminology is also included, e.g., tolerance, craving, stimulus, response, positive and negative reinforce and others, which differentiate between the habit, control and addiction. The effects of the addiction individual on his family, friends and relatives, are also mentioned.
Chapter III : Describes the aim of the present work which is to study of some biophysical parameters for Evaluation of Treatment of heroin addictive persons.
Chapter IV : The materials used in this work are HPLC for determining the positive or the negative existence the opiate in the urine using Roma marker. Analysis of the serum, plasma, and RBCs of the addicts to estimate the levels of some mineral elements, e.g., Na, K, Ca, Al,
Fe, and Cd in plasma and RBCs. In addition to the estimation of the levels of malondialdehyde , the total oxidants and the redox potential. The enrolled subjects were heroin addicts from Alexandria governorate.
Chapter V : This chapter describes the results of this study. The results can be summarized as follows :
Roma marker : The Roma marker was used for the first time(in the Middle East) in combination with the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to be sure that the urine sample belongs to a certain addicted individual.
Results of the trace elements :
The following trace elements were estimated in the RBCs and the plasma of the heroin addicted persons from both sexes. In plasma of the heroin addicts, Na, Al, and Cd were significantly increased with respect to the control level. While, K, Ca, and Fe were significantly decreased with respect to the control level. In the blood RBCs of the heroin addicts, Na, K, Ca, and Fe were significantly increased with respect to the control level. While, K, Ca, and Fe were significantly decreased with respect to the control level.
These changes were occurred in case of the total addicted individuals. In general, the same pattern of changes occurred with respect to the three considered subgroups of the total addicted individuals, namely; sniff, injection, and the smoking subgroups.
This pattern of change, in general, did not subjected to recovery after both six and/or 6 months of the treatment medication course which was directed towards the improvement of the depression status of the heroin addicts.
The Results of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant :
Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in the serum of the addicts while total antioxidant was significantly decreased with respect to the control level. The variations in the Malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total antioxidants indicate that these group of heroin addiction individuals are under oxidative stress.
The Results of the Redox potential :
All of the total, reduced and the oxidized forms in addition to the redox potential (in milly volts) suffered significant changes in the serum of the heroin addiction group with respect to the control levels, indicating that these group of heroin addiction are under oxidative stress, which also ascertain the results of malondialdehyde and the total antioxidants, as mentioned above.
Chapter VI : This chapter describes the discussion of the obtained results.
The discussion in this chapter included the disturbance in the level of each element in the human body. Each of the considered element has its own effect on either the other elements concentration or on the health status of the individual. The sodium, for example, causes increase in blood pressure, iron can cause anemia in case of deficiency. Calcium causes many diseases beginning from disturbance in the health of bones and teeth, and a normal heart rhythm, to disturbance in the beating of the heart. Aluminium affects the mental status of the subject in case of increasing concentration. Potassium causes many disturbances inside the body when decreased or increased concentration, and so on.
Chapter VII : Conclusion : The studied parameters did not change significantly after 3 or 6 months of treatment.
The medications of these addicts directed towards improving the depression status of the addicts.
Chapter VIII : Recommendation : Efforts must be directed to improve the levels of the trace elements that changed significantly in this work . The recovery in the trace elements level may lead to the recovery of the other parameters, e.g., MDA, total antioxidants and redox potential, and the general health status.
Chapter VIIII : The references used, of total number 160, most of them are up-to-date until 2012.