الفهرس 
General Relativity and StandardOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
During the nineteenth century, there was a long standing problem in the study of the
solar system. Newton’s theory of gravitation failed to describe the motion of the planet
Mercury. This problem was that the orbit of Mercury couldn’t be explained by Newton’s
theory of gravitation.
In 1915, Einstein described gravitational phenomena by curvature in the space-time.
He constructed a new theory of gravitation written in Riemannian geometry. Einstein
constructed his theory of general relativity (GR) assuming two principles: Covariance
and Equivalence.
Einstein wished to achieve a relation between physics and geometry. GR theory is
succeeded to describe many phenomena that Newton’s theory can’t describe such as
the advanced of perihelion of Mercury, gravitational red shift and light bending.
In 1916, Brans and Dicke constructed another theory of gravity. This theory has well
mathematical construction, but it failed to get GR predictions, quantitatively. Since
the theory of GR is just sufficient to describe gravity. However, GR failed to explain
some cosmological phenomena such as particle horizon, flatness and singularity. So
many theories are constructed to explain those problems. Those modified theories are
absolute parallelism, super symmetry, Kaluza-Klein Theory and supper gravity.
The present research work, we are interested to study Kaluza-Klein theory. Kaluza
and Klein have rewritten GR theory by increasing the dimension of space-time to be d
= 5, instead of d = 4.
The original Kaluza-Klein theory was one of the first attempts to create a unified
field theory. This theory published in 1921 by the German mathematician and physicist Theodor Kaluza and later extended in 1926 by Oskar Klein.