الفهرس 
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Abstract
According to importance of the Egyptian Antiquities as cultural heritage, and it is very important as economic income, so it must be restore, preserve and keep these Antiquities. In this thesis we had been used three polymers for this purpose. All of them prepared in laboratory (urea formaldehyde sulfonate), (melamine formaldehyde sulfonate) and (melamine urea formaldehyde sulfonate). The urea formaldehyde sulfonate, melamine formaldehyde sulfonate and melamine urea formaldehyde sulfonate used to consolidate wood samples. Woods used for experimentation were a sycamore and a piteh pine due to their historical use especially in Egypt.The prepared polymers had confirmed its structures by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.The cubic Wood samples had been impregnated in solutions of UFS, MFS and MUFS by different concentrations (3 %, 5 %) and at different impregnation time (0.25, 0.50, 1.0 ...) till 6 hours.The cubic stone samples had been impregnated in solutions of UFS, MFS and MUFS by different concentrations (3 %, 5 %) and at different impregnation time (0.25, 0.50, 1.0 ...) till 6 hours. The treated and untreated (blank) samples were investigated as the following: 1- Resin sorption for wood and stone samples was it increases with increase the concentration of impregnating solution or time of impregnation. 2- Reversibility Ideally, reversibility is a desirable aspect of any conservation process.The experiments have shown that consolidation treatments of deteriorated wood and stone with soluble resins are not reversible in the strictest sense. The use of thermosetting resins, for instance, makes the treatment irreversible as soon as they are cured. 3- Moisture absorption It is found that Moisture absorption change due to the nature of the polymer i.e. (UFS resin can be distinguished from other formaldehyde resins, e.g. (MFS, MUFS); by its high reactivity but UFS resin has no water and weather resistance and therefore is not stable at higher relative humidities. The incorporation of melamine (MUF)) improves the low resistance of UFS bonds to the influence of humidity, water and weather. Because of the penetration of melamine resins into the cell wall a reduced water uptake and therefore increased dimensional stability was achieved). For these reasons, it is found that Moisture absorption of UFS more than MUFS more than MFS.4- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)A good penetration of the resin into the wood cell wall is the precondition for efficient treatment, in order to achieve dimensional stability, hardness, and resistance to weathering. Urea formaldehyde sulfonate used in consolidation of wood give less satisfactory result than melamine formaldehyde sulfonate (despite excellent penetration) which give highest satisfactory result. The water-soluble melamine formaldehyde sulfonate resin proved to diffuse well into the wood structure this is due to Solubility in water and the small molecular size of the components allows for good penetration into wood. An increase in the depth of penetration of melamine–formaldehyde sulfonate resin into the wood structure will result in a concurrent increase of hardness. For a successful modification of wood cell walls with polymer resins, it is thus necessary that the resin may swell the wood cell wall without filling Cavities with a resin polymer where the wood remains porous because the resin does not entirely fill up the interior cavities of wood cells and this has happened in the case of 3 % concentration of polymers And in the case of 5 % concentration of polymers but with high penetration at high concentration of polymers.Also SEM graphs of the sandstone specimens give the results as SEM graphs of the limestone specimens, while the sandstone give more satisfactory result than the limestone specimens due to A good penetration of the resins into the stone particles and it is the precondition for efficient treatment, in order to achieve dimensional stability, hardness and resistance to weathering 5- Surface hardness It is found that increase in resin sorption or resin content decreases the porosity of wood samples so that the value of surface hardness of it was increased for this reason. A greater strength was found for all treated samples than those of untreated samples for both wood species. All strengths of treated pith pine wood were greater than those of treated sycamore wood.6- Biological test Although the synthetic resins are not natural products, it is possible that some of them will be assimilated by microorganisms. The present investigation studied the fungal populations in the different wood samples and influence of the tested polymers on the growth of the most frequent fungal isolated.The results from the preliminary studies with the effect of chemical compound on the fungal growth are indicate that Melamine treated wood showed improved resistance to wood decaying fungi, so melamine formaldehyde sulfonate followed by melamine urea formaldehyde sulfonate compounds have mainly an inhibitory effect on the radial growth of all tested fungi .urea formaldehyde sulfonate showed the lowest inhibitor effect on the fungal growth with some exceptions.As clear from previous data the tested polymer as urea formaldehyde sulfonate which used to consolidate the wood failed to inhibit completely the appearance of some fungal isolates and their growth. So that, any fungicide must be applied during the consolidation to control the fungal decay of wood.The effect of fungicide 1- Dichloroxylenole on the fungal growth is also investigated.With regard to the influence of fungicide on fungal growth, it was found that 1- Dichloroxylenole should higher inhibiation effect on the growth at all levels during the incubation periods. These results show that the inhibition zones in radial growth at all tested fungi are sharply increase with the increase of concentration of 1- Dichloroxylenole on both xylan and cellulose plates 7- Compressive strength It is found that increase in the resin sorption or resin content decreases the porosity of stone samples so that the value of Compressive strength was increased of it.Conclusion The consolidation treatments had a direct effect on the porosity and consequently on the physical properties of the wood and stone specimens, So that All consolidation treatments resulted in considerably lower values of moisture absorption coefficient, and a significant increase of total surface hardness and Compressive strength values.