الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The kidneys have many functions, including regulation of electrolyte balance, regulation of body fluids, conservation of useful substances production and secretion of hormones and gluconeogenesis. The kidneys are involved some how in production and/or catabolism of many hormones while kidney function is controlled by numerous hormones. The main products that are excreted by the kidneys are nitrogen containing molecules with conserving nutrients and maintaining salt and water homeostasis. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. An essential feature of renal function is that a large volume of blood – 25% of cardiac output or approximately 1300 mL per minute – passes through the two millions glomeruli.The functional state of the kidneys can be evaluated using several tests based on the renal clearance concept. These tests measure the rates of glomerular filtration, renal blood flow and tubular reabsorption or secretion of various substances. Glomerular filtration rate is routinely used to evaluate kidney function. The GFR in normal adults is approximately 95 ± 20 mL/min in women and 120 ± 25 mL/min in men.Glomerular Filteration Rate is the best indicator of renal function and is critical for diagnosing acute and chronic kidney impairment. Glomerular Filteration Rate describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. Creatinine clearance (CCr) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the G.F.R. Glomerular Filteration Rate varies with age, sex and many disorders, these disorders can be classified as : Prerenal Diseases, Renal Diseases and Postrenal Diseases rerenal Diseases: 1- Glomerular Filteration Rate and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): Both decreased GFR and increased proteinuria increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.2- Glomerular Filteration Rate and Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS): The hepatorenal syndrome usually represents the end-stage of a sequence of reductions in renal perfusion induced by increasingly severe hepatic injury.Renal Diseases:
a- Glomerulonephritis: has been classified as:1- Acute glomerulonephritis (A.G.N) (acute nephritic syndrome): abrupt onset of glomerular haematuria.2- Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN).3- Recurrent Macroscopic Hematuria.4- chronic G.N.b- Nephrotic Syndrome: High-grade albumin-dominant proteinuria, Hypoalbuminemia, Edema, Hyperlipidemia and Lipiduria.c- Diabetic Nephropathy: A clinical syndrome characterized by persistent albuminuria, relentless decline in GFR, raised arterial blood pressure and enhanced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.d- Renal Cysts:Simple cysts are benign and asymptomatic, they may be associated with pain, infection, rupture, hematuria, and hypertension.Postrenal Diseases:1-Urinary Tract Obstruction :Biochemical investigations show a raised serum urea or creatinine, hyperkalaemia, anaemia of chronic disease or blood in the urine.2- Urinary Tract Infection: The relative percentage of GFR was lower on the abnormal side than the normal side, obviously due to loss of functional parenchyma.