الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that undergo both self-renewal and differentiation into one or more cell types, & are found in adult and embryonic tissues and have potential uses in therapies designed to repair and regenerate organs According to their origin, stem cells can be classified into: Embryonic, Adult, Cancer, Fetal, cord blood stem cells and Induced pluripotent stem cells.Pluripotent stem cells have provided great hope for cell replacement therapies because of theirability to self-renew and their potential to form all cell lineages in the body. Human embryos are the main source for producing pluripotent stem cells but they have ethical and technical difficulties.To overcome these problems there are four different strategies used to reprogram somatic cells include:Somatic cell nuclear transfer,Somatic cell fusion with pluripotent cells,Cell extracts and Transduction of pluripotent genes into somatic cells.Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from human somatic cells through ectopic expression of transcription factors, mainly,Oct 4, Sox2, Klf4,c Myc, Nanog and Lin 28. This landmark discovery has been considered as a major development towards patient-specific iPSCs for various biomedical applications.Unlimitedself renewal capacity, pluripotency and ease of accessibility to donor tissues contribute to the versatility of iPSCs.The therapeutic potential of iPSCs in regenerative medicine, cell-based therapy, disease modelling and drug discovery is indeed very promising. Continuous progress in iPSCs technology provides clearer understanding of disease pathogenesis and ultimately new optimism in developing treatment or cure for human diseases