الفهرس 
AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Over the decades, arthroscopy of the ankle has
grown and improved considerably. In 1931, Burman was
the first to attempt an ankle arthroscopy. He became
convinced of the impossibility of such a procedure because
of the limited space and close relationship of the delicate
anatomical structures. Forty years later, in 1972, thanks to
technological advances, Watanabe was the first to report on
a series of 28 ankle arthroscopies. Since then, numerous
studies and substantial progress have been made, and
arthroscopic ankle surgery has gradually changed from a
purely diagnostic means to a therapeutic tool.
Historically, the ankle was approached with a two
portals technique (anteromedial and anterolateral) and the
patient supine. But, anterior arthroscopy is difficult to
approach the posterior aspect of the ankle joint, and the
subtalar joint is not visualized. For these reasons, a new
two portals posterior approach (posteromedial and
posterolateral) was introduced for hindfoot arthroscopy
with the patient in the prone position, also new portals
introduced as accessory PLP and DPMP.