الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study aims at giving an account on manifestations of systemic diseases affecting ear, nose and throat. These diseases include infectious diseases, blood diseases, endocrine diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and autoimmune diseases. The most common effect of syphilis on ear, nose and throat is chancre which is single, firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration with a clean base and sharp borders between 0.3 and 3.0 centimeters in size. Tuberculosis remains a highly prevalent infection with serious morbidity and mortality today. Manifestations in the head and neck area are frequently difficult to diagnose, and often, initiation of anti-TB treatment is based on clinical suspicion alone. Approximately 12% of fungal infections in patients with hematologic diseases have been found to be caused by the order Mucorales, the best-known pathogens being of the family Mucoraceae. The disease manifestation differs tremendously, depending upon the organism causing the disease and upon the underlying risk factor for acquiring the disease. Rhinocerebral manifestations of mucormycosis in the form of unilateral, retro-orbital headache, facial pain, numbness, fever, hyposmia, and nasal stuffiness, which progresses to black discharge are the most common manifestations affect head and neck. Human immunodeficiency virus disease can present with many different head and neck manifestations. Kaposi’s sarcoma is the most common malignant manifestation of AIDS in form of nodules or blotches that may be red, purple, brown, or black, and are usually popular in nose or oral cavity. The head and neck symptoms and findings of lymphomas and blood diseases may lead to the initial diagnosis or may be local or systemic complications of the specific disorders. For head and neck specialists, involvement with patients who have these disorders requires fundamental knowledge of how these conditions appear in the head and neck region. The head and neck specialist who is familiar with the information in this study will be able to recognize many of these disorders through their head and neck manifestations and will be able to provide assistance in diagnosis by employing the appropriate techniques for procuring and handling biopsy specimens, especially when lymphoma is suspected. Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder commonly seen in otolaryngology. The disease has a chronic course and can cause significant morbidity. The otolaryngologist is often asked to evaluate and treat these patients for common head and neck abnormalities. Although the prevalence of head and neck disorders is not greatly increased in sickle cell disease, these patients present special perioperative problems. General awareness of endocrine disorders can aid in their early diagnosis as head and neck manifestations are often the presenting signs or symptoms. Patients with diabetes mellitus are often complaining of many common head and neck symptoms; this includes cranial neuropathies, sensory neural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible to unique and invasive infections including malignant otitis externa and invasive fungal sinusitis. Thyroid perturbations are often associated with abnormal function of the larynx, causing changes in pitch and clarity of speech, the nose, causing rhinitis,and the inner ear, causing vertigo and hearing loss. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the abnormal retrograde flow of gastric contents into the esophagus. While disorders of the esophagus related to gastroesophageal reflux disease are fairly well characterized, supraesophageal symptoms may be nonspecific and easily missed. Fewer than half of the patients with otolaryngologic complications of reflux exhibit the classic findings of heartburn and regurgitation. gastroesophageal reflux has been implicated in a broad range of disorders including laryngitis, chronic hoarseness, globus pharyngeus, laryngeal carcinoma, cricopharyngeal hypertension, Zenker’s diverticulum, and chronic cough. Inflammatory bowel diseases refer to a group of chronic inflammatory disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract and are typically divided into two major disorders: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn’s disease is characterized by noncontiguous chronic inflammation, often transmural with noncaseating granuloma formation. It can involve any portion of the alimentary tract and Crohn’s disease inflammation has often been described in the nose, mouth, larynx and esophagus in addition to the more common small bowel and colon sites. ulcerative colitis differs from Crohn’s disease in that it is characterized by contiguous chronic inflammation without transmural involvement, but extraintestinal manifestations of ulcerative colitis have also been described. During the last few years many authors have reported serious complications of Inflammatory bowel diseases manifesting in the ear nose- throat and influencing disease morbidity. The present article reviews the most important ear- nose- throat manifestations in Inflammatory bowel diseases patients. Diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis, uropathy and autoimmune diseases are considered the most frequent causes of renal failure. otolaryngologic manifestations of chronic renal failure include dysgeusia, stomatitis, decreased salivary flow rate, xerostomia and parotitis; moreover, dental oriented conditions include narrowing of pulp chamber, enamel abnormalities, tooth loss and periodontal disease. Ear-nose-throat manifestations of connective tissue disorders represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians as they often constitute the initial sign of an otherwise asymptomatic autoimmune disease. Moreover, in patients with known autoimmune rheumatic diseases, ENT manifestations can be overlooked. Hearing disturbances may be seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener’s granulomatosis, relapsing polychondritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Cogan’s syndrome, Sjögren’s syndrome, and less frequently in Churg-Strauss syndrome and Adamantiades-Behçet’s disease. Nose and paranasal sinuses are variably affected during the course of Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, relapsing polychondritis and sarcoidosis. Recurrent mucosal ulcerations are common in systemic lupus erythematosus and Adamantiades-Behçet’s disease. Motility disorders of the upper and/or the lower portions of the esophagus have been reported in patients with systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Trigeminal nerve dysfunction may occur in patients with systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease. Peripheral facial nerve palsy has been described to complicate the course of and sarcoidosis.