الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two experiments were carried out during this study:
I- Experiment I:
Includes bacteriological examination of 3570 samples collected from four broiler breeder farms and two hatcheries for isolation and identification of Salmonellae to find out the different possible sources of Salmonellae infection. The obtained results cleared that:
1- Incidence of Salmonellae in different samples collected from broiler breeder farms and their corresponding hatcheries throughout the experimental period:
from 3570 samples collected from farms I, II, III and IV and hatchery A and B, 195 samples (5.5 %) yielded Salmonella isolates, the
incidence of Salmonellae were 4.5 %, 7.1 %, 3.8 % , 6.7 %, 3.9 % and 6.8 % respectively.
A-Incidence of Salmonellae in samples collected from farms I and II
after disinfection:
from 100 samples collected from both farms after disinfection, one
floor swab sample yielded Salmonella (1%) from farm II, while Salmonella was not recovered from any of the samples collected from farm I.
B-Incidence of Salmonellae in samples collected from four broiler
breeder farms throughout the experimental period:
Incidence of Salmonella recovered from litter, feed from feeders, feed from feedbags, water from drinkers, air, new litter, nest material, cloacae swabs, freshly dead chick (yolk sac and liver) were 21.3 %, 12.3 %, 3.9 %, 4.5 %, 7.1 %, 1.1 %, 8.8 %, 8.4 %, 5 % and 3.3 % respectively.
Incidence of Salmonella recovered from hatching eggs collected from nests, after pre-storage fumigation and eggs from egg storage room
were 6 %, 1.7 % and 3.3 % from eggshells, while zero, zero, and 1.7 % from egg contents respectively.
C- Incidence of Salmonellae in samples collected from hatcheries representing the broiler breeder farms:
Incidence of Salmonella recovered from hatching eggs collected after pre-incubation fumigation, eggs at the 19th day of incubation, infertile eggs, and dead in shell chicken embryo were 2 %, 5 %, 8 % and 11 % from eggshells, while 2 %, 3 %, 5 % and 7 % from eggs contents respectively.
Incidence of Salmonella recovered from newly hatched chicks (yolk sac and liver), chick fluffs and chick box swabs were 5 %, 3 %, 8 % and 6 % respectively.
D- Incidence of Salmonellae in environmental samples collected from the hatcheries:
Incidence of Salmonella recovered from samples collected from
inner chamber of setter and hatcher machines of both hatcheries (air, floor swab and wall swabs) were 5 %, 8.3 % and 1.7 % respectively.
2- Frequency of Salmonella serotypes in samples collected from broiler breeder farms and hatcheries:
The antigenic structure of the isolated Salmonella serotypes from the broiler breeder farms and hatcheries were belonging to groups Di
(37.8 %), C1,2(23.3 %), B (20 %), E1 (13.3 %) according to Kauffman White Scheme, while untyped serotypes represent 5.5 %. S. enteritidis was the most prevalent serotype (22.2 %) among the typed isolates collected from the broiler breeder farms and hatcheries, followed in order by S. kentuky (17.8 %), S. gallinarum p. (15.6 %), S. typhimurium (11.1 %), S. chester (8.9 %), S. muenster (7.8 %), and S. anatum, S. virchow and untyped serotypes (5.6 % of each).
II- Experiment II:
vExperiment II. A:
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of eight disinfectants under different ambient temperatures (20 °C and 35 °C).
The temperature coefficient (Q15) for TH4+® and Virocid® is twelve, while the temperature coefficient (Q15) for Prophyl®, Formalin and Phenique is four and the temperature coefficient (Q15) for Halamid®, Virkon and Iodofaster® is two.
vExperiment II. B:
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the same eight disinfectants in absence and in presence of organic matter against S. typhimurium as tested organism.
1-Halamid®: Halamid® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within
15 minutes at 2 % concentration in absence of poultry litter, while at 3 eY0 concentration in presence of 5 % poultry litter.
2-TH4+®: TH4+® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15
minutes at 0.5 % concentration in either absence or presence of poultry litter (5 % and 10 %). 3-Prophyl®:
Prophyl® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 0.75 % concentration in absence of poultry litter, while at 1.0 % concentration in presence of 5 % poultry litter.
4-Idofaster ®:
Iodofaster® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 3% concentration in absence of poultry litter, while at 6 % concentration in presence of 5 % poultry litter.
5-Virocid®:
Virocid® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 0.5 % concentration in either absence or presence of poultry
litter (5 % and 10 %). 6-Virkon S®:
Virkon s® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 2% concentration in absence of poultry litter, while at 3 % concentration in presence of 5 % poultry litter.
7-Formalin:
Formalin succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 4 % concentration in either absence or presence of 5% poultry
litter.
8-Phenique:
Phenique succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 5% concentration in absence of poultry litter, while in 6 % concentration in presence of 5 % poultry litter. The effective exposure times for all disinfectants increase to reach 30 - 60 minutes in presence of 10 % poultry litter except for Virocid®, TH4+® and Formalin, the effective exposure time remain 15 minutes.
v Experiment II. C:
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the same eight disinfectants in relation to the tested water sources (tap and ground water) used for preparation of disinfectants.
1-Halamid®:
Halamid® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 2% concentration when tap water was used for preparation of the disinfectant, while at 3 % concentration when ground water was used.
2-TH4+®:
TH4+® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 0.5 % concentration when either tap or ground water was used for preparation of the disinfectant.
3-Prophyl®:
Prophyl® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 0.75% concentration when tap water was used for preparation of the disinfectant, while within 30 minutes when ground water was used.
4-Iodofaster ®:
Iodofaster® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 5 % concentration when tap water was used for preparation of the disinfectant, while within 60 minutes at 6 % concentration when ground water was used.
5-Virocid®:
Virocid® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 0.5 % concentration when either tap or ground water was used for preparation of the disinfectant.
6-Virkon S®:
Virkon s® succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 2% concentration when tap water was used for preparation of the disinfectant, while at 3 % concentration when ground water was used.
7-Formalin:
Formalin succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 4 % concentration when tap water was used for preparation of the disinfectant, while within 30 minutes when ground water was used.
8-Phenique:
Phenique succeeded in destroying microorganism under test within 15 minutes at 5 % concentration when tap water was used for preparation of the disinfectant, while in 6 % concentration when ground water was used.