الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 127 |  |  |
| | | from | 127 | | |
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a clinical manifestation of the excessive reflux of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus causing various degree of symptomatic irritation or injury to the esophageal mucosa .
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) can cause typical (esophageal) symptoms or atypical (extraesophageal) symptoms. However, a diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) based on the presence of typical symptoms is correct in only 70% of patients .
Depending on the severity of pediatric GERD, three types of treatments exist for GERD. These include lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgery Surgery is an option when medicine and lifestyle changes do not help to manage GERD symptoms. The indications for surgery in children with GERD have changed with time, especially with the advent of the PPIs.Surgical management is indicated in children with life-threatening complications of GERD, children with failure to thrive from caloric loss, children with esophageal stricture with underlying GERD, children with anastomotic strictures in the presence of GERD, children with persistent respiratory tract problems secondary to GERD and children who have failed to respond to maximal medical therapy .