الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of capsaicin, eugenol and their combination on the submandibular salivary glands structure histologically and ultrastructurally.
Thirty five adult male albino rats, with average weight 250 ± 20 gm were used in this study. The animals were divided into four main groups:
1) The control group (group I), that consisted of five animals which were neither given capsaicin nor eugenol.
2) The capsaicin group (group II) consisted of ten rats and divided into two subgroups (5 animals in each): Subgroup IIa: daily received 0.5 ml distilled water
by oro-oesophageal tube. This subgroup served as +ve control for IIb subgroup.
Subgroup IIb: daily received 0.1 mg/kg body weight capsaicin dissolved 0.5 ml in distilled water by oro-oesophageal tube.
3) The eugenol group (group III) , consisted of ten rats and equally divided into two subgroups (5 animals each): Subgroup IIIa: daily received 0.5 ml olive oil by oro-oesophageal tube. This subgroup served as + ve control for subgroup IIIb.
Subgroup IIIb: daily received dose 2.5 mg/kg body weight of eugenol dissolved in 0.5 ml olive oil by oro-oesophageal.
4) The eugenol and capsaicin group (group IV), consisted of ten rats and divided into two subgroups (5 animals each): Subgroup IVa: daily received 0.5 ml distilled water and 0.5 ml olive oil by oro-oesophageal tube and served as +ve control to subgroup IVb.
Subgroup IVb: daily received a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight of capsaicin and 2.5 mg/kg body weight of eugenol with the same dose of group II and group III.
The sections were stained by haematoxylin and eosin for histological study, and other sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate to be examined by TEM. In subgroup IIb sections examined by light microscope, some acini showed features similar to mucous acini. The GCTs showed wide lumen with stagnated secretion and increased eosinophilia with clumped granulesin its cytoplasm. Moreover, the excretory duct showed irregular outline, loss of pseudostratification and some hydropic degeneration was observed in some of its cells. On the other hand, it was observed that subgroup IIIb have minimal effect on the acini and the duct system.
Subgroup IVb showed acini which appeared apparently small in size with darkly stained nuclei. GCTs showed wide lumen and clumping of secretory granules with increased eosinophilia. Moreover, the excretory ducts showed widening in their lumen in which some desquamated cells could be observed. Dilated blood vessels engorged with RBCs were also observed.
Subgroup IIb sections examined by TEM showed some acinar cells presenting centrally located nuclei with irregular outline and clumping of chromatin material. Acinar RER presented variable grades of affection ranging from luminal dilatation to discontinuity, fragmentation as well as apical dislocation. Acinar secretory granules showed different electrondensities with ill-defined outlines. Others acinar cell showed mucous appearance with foamy secretory granules, and basally situated nucleus. Also few acinar cells showed dilated and swollen mitochondria and RER, other showed large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Ultrastructural examination showed nuclei of some GCT cells with irregular outline surrounded by cytoplasmic vacuoles, while other nuclei were shrunken with condensed chromatin. Many of the GCTs secretory granules were less electrondense than the subgroup IIa and presented illdefined and fused outlines. Some striated duct cells presented variable grades of mitochondrial swelling in some cells. Some excretory duct lining cells showed vacuoles and apically displaced nucleus with shrunken and irregular outline. Even though, other cells presented nuclei with irregular outline and relativecytoplasmic vacuoles. Apical to these cells one to two rows of flattened epithelial cells were observed. These cells presented nuclear irregular outline and loss of intercellular desmosomal junctions.
On the other hand, sections of subgroup IIIb examined by TEM showed nuclei of acinar cells with irregular outline and clumping of nuclear chromatin substance. Few acinar mitochondria were swollen with loss of cristae, dilated RER were also observed. Electrondensities of secretory granules in GCTs decreased when compared with subgroup IIIa and different size granules were also noticed. The Mitochondria appeared swollen and disfigured. Irregular outline of striated duct cells showed nuclei and chromatin clumping. Other cells showed mitochondria with variable grades of affection from dilatation to loss of cristae. Few excretory duct cells showed darkly stained nuclei and irregular luminal extensions, stagnated secretion was also detected in some excretory ducts.
The acinar cells ultrastructure of subgroup IVb showed irregular nuclear outline with increase in chromatin content. Areas of widened periacinar tissue contain few collagen fibers and moderate electrondensities ground substance. Also, interacinar endothelial lined capillaries congested with RBCs were frequently seen. When compared with control, the GCTs showed apparent large size, less electrondense and closely packed secretory granules with minimal cytoplasm strands in between. Some striated duct cells showed swollen or ruptured mitochondria, and some of its nuclei appeared shrunken. Some of excretory duct cells presented variable sized nuclei, degenerated and fragmented organelles with in large sized cytoplasmic vacuoles.