الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nature of puerperium and its role in fertility in cows
and buffaloes:
This study has been carried out on 84 Friesian cows and 82 buffalo-cows (20 cows and 20 buffaloes with normal puerperium and 64 cows and 62 buffaloes with abnormal puerperium) in private farms in Dakahlia Province, Egypt.
Clinical and laboratory investigation were performed
for all animals.
The animal were investigated at late pregnancy, 1 - 3 days postpartum, two weeks postpartum and during the first postpartum estrus. These investigations were continued for all animals suffered from retained placenta, chronic
endometritis and inactive ovaries.
The clinical examination was included a complete
gynaecological examination. However, laboratory investigations were included the blood picture (R.B.Cs. count, Hb PCV ESR, W.B.Cs. count and differential leukocytic count) and biochemical blood analysis (glucose, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total proteins, SGOT and SGPT
activities).
6.1- Clinical investigation of the normal animals:
1) It was noticed that the mean intervals necessary for complete uterine involution were 36 + 9.2, 50.3 + 14.2 and 46.8 + 2.2 days for cows with normal and abnormal puerperium (retained placenta and endometritis). Moreover, these intervals were 37.0 + 6.2, 51.8 4. 5.8 and 48.82 + 6.56 days for buffaloes with normal and abnormal puerperium (retained placenta and endometritis respectively).
2)The corpus luteum of pregnancy was regressed after 1 to 2 weeks postpartum in cattle and after 14 to 26 days postpartum in buffalo-cows.
3)The first postpartum estrus was silent in most of the examined cases especially in buffaloes and appeared after a mean interval of 16.6 + 4.1 and 63.6 + 20.9 days postpartum in normal cows and buffaloes respectively.
6.2- The blood picture in cows and buffaloes: 6.2.1- During normal reproductive phases:
The laboratory investigations of the blood of cows and buffaloes revealed that the R.D.Cs. count, Hb % and PCV content of late pregnancy were significantly higher than during 1 - 3 days postpartum. The ESR in both species showed a gradual increase at early puerperium as well as during the dry season than the green one. The erythrocytic picture was increased significantly after two weeks postpartum than during the first three postpartum days and re-increased significantly during the estrus phase. Whereas, the ESR was significantly decreased.
A significant increase of the total W.D.Cs count, neutrophils and monocytes with a decrease in the lymphocytes and eosinophils was found at the first three postpartum days than the values recorded at late pregnancy as well as after two weeks postpartum in cows and buffaloes. During the estrus phase, the results revealed a significant increase in the total W.B.Cs. count and the neutrophilic count and a decrease in the lymphocytic and eosinophilic count than during the late puerperium.
6.2.2- During some reproductive disorders: 6.2.2.1- Retained placenta:
Retention of the fetal membranes was accompanied mainly with a decrease in the number of both R.B.Cs., W.B.Cs. counts, Hb % and PCV content and an increase in the ESR value. Moreover, there was a significant monocytosis and neutropenia in both species.
6.2.2.2- Endometritis:
The R.B.Cs. count, Hb % and PCV content of the affected animals were lower than that of normal ones. Whereas, the ESR was higher in the affected animals than the normal cases. The total W.B.Cs. count and the differential leukocytic count were increased than that of the normal
cycling ones.
6.2.2.3- Inactive ovaries:
The R.D.Cs. count, Hb % and PCV % were lower in the affected animals but the ESR values were higher than that of the normal cases. The differential leukocytic counts were
within the normal level.
6.3- The serum constituents in cows and buffaloes:
6.3.1- During normal reproductive phases:
The serum glucose-, calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels and the serum total protein were higher during the estrus phase than the other phases. The SGOT and SGPT levels reached the minimum level at late pregnancy and reached the maximum during the estrus phase.
6.3.2— During some reproductive disorders:
The serum glucose, calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels were lower in cows and buffaloes affected with retained placenta, endometritis and inactive ovaries than the normal ones. The serum total protein, SGOT and SGPT
levels were higher in animals suffering from the studied reproductive disorders than in the normal cycling cases.
Seasonally, the blood parameters and serum constituents of the examined cows and buffaloes were higher during the green season than the dry one. Whereas, the serum inorganic
phosphorus, SGOT and SGPT activities were higher during the dry season than the green one.