الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the causes of some surgical problems of the nasolacrimal drain-age system in sheep, goats and donkeys in upper ’’lo pt • a study of the anatomy of the lacrimal drainage system was performed on 15 heads of sheep, 15 heads of goats and 10
heads of donkeys. the nasolacrimal duct was injected through the puncta lacrimalia in sheep and goats, while donkeys were injected through the nasal punctum with latex and carmein stain as colouring matter for the gross anatomy.
radiolo4lically the course of the duct was studied by injection of 40(:’ barium sulphate or urographin. in order to ovecome the irritation of these drugs, lipedol used as a contrast medium in living animals. tanor anatomical differences between sheep, goats and donkeys were detected and the results were recorded and discussed.
the results of the anatomical and radiolegical study revealed that the nasolacrimal duct of sheep goats and donkey was surrounded by bone or cartilage over less than half of its course. this might predispose these species to obstructive nasolacrimal diseases. in goats the sac
is v shaped and rudimentary. the present study, was performed on 368 clinical cases of sheep, eoats and donkeys suffering from a variety of nasolacrimal diseases. in addition a number of 40 normal animals (15 sheep 15 goats and 10 donkeys) were subjected to the following experimental operations.
the fluorescein dye test was done to detect petency of the nasolacrimal apparatus. one to two DROP of one percent commercial fluorescein dye was placed in the eye; then at 1/2 minute intervals a cotton swab was packed inside the nostril to detect presence of the dye. anegative reading indicated no passage of dye, which positive dye passage indicated patency of the nasolacrimal duct. following the fluorescien dye test, the nasolacrimal duct was cannulated and flushed with normal saline. sheep and goates were flushed from the upper or lower lncrimal puncta because the distal orifice of the nasolacrimal duct cannot be easily identified and cannulated. in the donkey, the distal orifice of the nas-olacrimal duct is 1 ,cated at the ventral mucocutaneous
junction of the nostril. nasolacrimal flush needs a syringe (10 ml) filled with sterile saline solution and a blunt staitles steel canula to cannulate the puncta. in donkeys, a short pol-yethylene tube attached to a syringe filled with saline
solution is adequate, foreign bodies obstructing one punctum were sometimes successfully removed by a small toothed forceps and in other cases by dilatation of the punctum.
dacryocystitis was treated by washing from both upper puncta using normal saline containing penicillin and local application of cambison and tetrecortil. eye ointment . dacryocystitis as a result of histoplasmosis was treated by surgical excision of the granulomations tissue, washing with normal saline and local application of cambison and tatracor-til eye oint.
obstrinate cases of obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct which do not respond to treatment were operated to establish a new canal through which the tears can pass. cojunctivorhinostomy and conjunctivoralostomy were performed
with success.