الفهرس 
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Abstract
The origin, position and direction of the horn core
were studed on two skulls of each species. LongItudnal
and horizontal sections throuqh the e nt I r e horn WdS performed
on 6 horns of each specIes of horned animals and the
relationship between the entire length of the horn and horn
core, thickness of each of them, the degree of extension
of the frontal sinus inside the horn core, the shape of
the horn at different levels and thickness of the horny
material were determined and the results were illustrated.
The normal direction, length and external diameter
of the horn were performed on a number of 128 buffaloes,
88 cattle, 53 sheep and 30 coats.
Moreover, the normal radiographic picture’ of the horn
was performed in IHfferent horned animals. 10 bu f f a Lo v hor ns ,
2 cattle, 5 sheep and 3 goats were;. examined. The blood supply of the horn WdS studied 0” two
prepared head specimens of different horned animals. Surgical
exposure of the cornual nerves were performed on two living
animals of each species to justi fy the presence of nerves at
the seat of nerve block. Dehorninq was performed on a num he r of l hu f f a loe s ,
3 cows, 2 sheep and 3 goats.
Two different techniques were evaluated. The classical
technique was tested in cattle, sheep and goat and a new
•
modified technique (Slidinq flap technique) was evaluated
in buffaloes.
Different types of anaesthesia of the horn Including
nerve block,local infiltration and both together were
evaluated during dehorning operation.
One method for disbudding in cow and buffalo calves
were tested in the present study on 24 calves (l4 Frezian,
3 balady, 4 Jersey and 3 buffalo calves) .
The results of disbuddinq were recorded and evaluated.
4- Surqical affection of the horns: A total number of 51 animals were prcscnted to the
clinic with different surgical affections including fractur
es , avulsion, caries and thimbling of the horn. Ali cases
were sUbjected to a full study inclUding Cdse history,
symptom, diagnosis and treatment. A total number of 154 animals suffer!nq from abnormal
growth and/or direction of the horns were subjected for
shortening. The results of shortening were tabulated and
evaluated.
Some of the results of the present study can be summarized
in the following points:-
1- The horn core or t qt na t es f r om the caudo)atera) aspect of
the frontal bone in different horned animals. The
shape and direction varies according to species of t he
animal.
2- Lonqitudinal section through the entire horn length
indicated that the horn consist, of horn core with the
excavation of the frontal sinus inside it, corium and
horny materia 1.
3- Horizontal sections at different levels of the horn
indicated that the horn is nearly ova) in shape in all
horned animals except in sheep in which the horn is
triangular.
4- Normal radiographic picture of the horn revealed:
a) The detailed structure of the horn core with its
characterestic patches representinq t he e x ca va t Lnn
of the frontal sirlU5.
b) A thin radiolucent lone representinq the corium
c) Horny material represented by homogenous soft tissue
density structure. 5- The main blood supply of the horn Is the cornlla) artery.
Surgical exposure and lioation of this artery was pe r »
formed durIng dehornIng operation at the anterolateral
aspect of the horn.
6- Surgical exposure and nerve block of the cornual branch
of the lacrimal nerve performed at the mid-point between the
the lateral conthus of the eyeball and lateral base of
the horn in di f f’e r e ut. horned animals.
7- Surgical exposure and nerve block of the cornual branch
of infratrochlear nerve can be detected at the mid-pont
between the middle of the dorsum of the orbit and
medial aspect of the horn.
8- The classical technique for dehorning was suitable in
cattle, sheep and goat.
9- The modified technique (sliding flap technique) was
rouitable for dehorning in buffaloes with subsequent
first intention healing.
10- Combination between nerve block and ring block at the
base of the horn was more suitable for anaesthesia of
the horn than using each of them alone in large horned
animals.
11- The use of either ring block or nerve block was sufficient
for anaesthesia of the horn for sheep and goat
dehorning.
12- CaCl2 50%-75’.t was au f f Lcl e nt for dl s buddl nu cow ca Iv es
with first month after birth by direct injection of
I ml. though the horn bud. 13- Disbudding in buffalo calves was unsuccessful and
more trials on large scale was suggested.
14- Different types of surgical affections of the horn
were recorded. The most common affections were different
types of fractures and avulsion.
15- A new form of horn fracture was recorded and named
movable horn. This condition was characterized by
complete fracture at the base of the horn without
separation of the horny material.
16- A new clinical case named ”thimbling of the horn” was
recorded in goats. This condition was 11 ke that
affecting the claw in cattle.
17- Shortening of the horn can be performed in all horned
animals for correction of abnormal growth and direction
50$ upto 66$ of the horn can be removed in goats according
to the age of the animal. In buffaloes, the permitted
amount for shortening was suggested between 25% upto 40%
accordina to the age, In cows and sheep, the length of
shortened horn must notexceed more than 25$ of the entire
lengh of the horn.