الفهرس 
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
World shipping is envirol1mentally prominent, for example carrying 90 per cent of world trade but emitting only 10 per cent of the world’s transport-related greenhouse gas emissions.
The emissions from ships contributing to the air pollution are investigated and a comparison is carried out between trucks and vessels and the results show that at same covered distance emissions from vehicles are more than vessels. Due to combustion characteristics of typical marine engines and a wide-spread use of unrefined fuel, the global fleet emits significant amounts of SOx, NOx and particles to air. Impact assessments and information on emitted amounts are important inputs to decision-making in regulation development and also for ship designers who aim at environmentally improved designs. In order to assess the impacts caused by ship emissions to air, information on ships’ activities in an area or the corresponding fuel use is essential. In combination with an emission factor that state the mass of an emitted pollutant related to either the work produced by ship engines or the mass of combusted fuel, the total emitted mass of a pollutant is established.Types of marine water pollution are many. The main pollutants are solid wastes, outcomes from ship operation and the oil spills. The types of marine water pollution are surveyed and the studies carried out in several countries are discussed. These studies showed that many species of bacteria, plants and animals can survive in a viable form in the ballast water and sediment carried in ships. even after journeys of several weeks duration. The consequences of discharge of ballast water or sediments into the waters of port states are highlightened. The introduction of invasive marine species into new environments by ships’ ballast water has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. In 2004, IMO adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. The Convention is entered into force 12 months after it has been ratified by 30 states representing 35 percent of the world’s merchant shipping tonnage. The Ship Ballast Water Management Plan is presented and the ways by which a ship can comply with any measures demanded by a port state are discussed.