الفهرس | يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام |
المستخلص It can be said, in general , that science , in a sense is coming up with many identical findings .The final aim of science is to come tip with a theoiy. Psychology is no exception . Psychology attempts to direct behavior, with its variations, towards a single idea i.e personality. Thus, behavior and porsonality have become the two basic axes in the entire field of psycholgical studies. THE PROBLEM Throughout this research in the field of training, one obseved the interest of coaches, corporations and sport Associations. The quality and quantity of physiological and skill training of champion athletes was studied The basis of selecting national teams is no more than a test which indicates certain record levels. By passing the test the male or female swimmer will be included in the national team. This researcher is of the opinion that the physical skills and physiological preparation of the athlete do not indicate or transalate into mental readiness. Physical and skill tests have been designed to measure these levels in the athlete. These same tests do not measure the mental fitness level of the athlete. The review of literature indicates that attempts have been made to develop tests to measure mental readiness. However, research dealing with personality and psychological trails is sparce. Comparing Egyptian records in swimming with world records, one observes a large gap. This gap is growing day by day .The world records for women in some cases exceed those of male Egyptian records. The review of literature indicated that few studies deal with comparing psychological traits at various age levels of swimmers and water-polo athletes. The above findings motivated this researcher to do this study. r Aims: 1 Identifying the difference in psychological tiaits (anxiety, aggressiveness, self- esteem) between swimmers in various age levels. I.~. 2. Identifying the differences in psychological traits (anxiety, aggressiveness, self- esteem) between waterpolo players in various age levels. 3. Identifying the differences in psychological traits (anxiety, aggressiveness, self- esteem) between swimmers and water - polo players. Procedures: 1. Approach: The researcher used the survey approach. This approach was appropriate, due to the nature of the study and the hypotheses to be verified. 2. Subjects: The subjects were selected at random from swinuners and water- polo players in the following clubs: —4— al - Ahly - a! Gizera, al Zamalik a! - shams, Heliopolis and Helioledo who were registered with the Egyptian swimming Associatiom for the 1993 season. The sample consisted of 78 swimmers between the ages of 13 and 17 years and 78 water- polo players between the ages of 13 and 17 years. 3. Data Collection Tools: 1. Speilberger’s anxiety scale. 2. Buss aggresivess scale. 3. Helmreich self - esteem scale. 4. Pilot Study: A pilot study was conducted by this researcher. It consisted of 15 swinmiers and 15 water- polo players between the ages of 13 and 17 years. 5. Basic Study: The researcher administered the tests to the subjects during the time period 14-28 august 1993. 6. Statistical Analysis: * Means. * Standard deviations * Skewness coefficent * Analysis of variance. * L.S.D. Resu I is 1. Anxiety increases in swimmers and water- polo players as they grow older. —5— . 2. Anxiety increases more in water - polo players than in swimmers as they grow older. 3 * Aggression increases in swimmers and water- polo players as they grow older. 4. Aggression increases more in water- polo players than in swimmers as they grow older. 5. Self- esteem grows in both swimmers and water- polo players as they grow older 6. There is no difference in the level of self- esteem of both swimmers and water - polo players between the ages of 13- 15 years. 7. There is a higher level of self - esteem in water - polo players than among swimmers of the same age level. RECOMMENDATION Junior athletes should be chosen from among those athletes who have high inner psychological qualities. |