الفهرس 
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major world-wide problem especially in developing countries including Egypt. Screening programs for CKD in healthy adults have been performed in several countries; however, there is little information on such programs performed among children living in developing countries. By urine screening, children with asymptomatic renal diseases can be detected early and will have the opportunity to get early treatment, early detection and treatment of renal disorder may prevent or slow down the silent deterioration of kidney function
Screening programs may also promote public awareness and education, encourage physician adherence to clinical practice guidelines, and serve as medical outreach to underserved populations. Several studies have been made using reagent strips, documenting their effectiveness in detecting urinary abnormalities at relatively low cost.
This study was conducted to screen for accidentally discovered renal disease in children in El Minia governorate; and hence highlighting the value of screening for renal disease in the early detection, management, and prevention of complications of renal disease in children in El Minia governorate.
This was a cross-sectional study where two hundred children, 107 males and 93 females (53.5 % and 46.5 % respectively), their ages ranged from 3 to 17 years with a mean age of 9.1±3.2 years, and without previously diagnosed or known renal disease, were screened.
children in this study were subjected to the following:
• Thorough history and clinical examination (with emphasis on renal disease, urinary tract disorders and other associated conditions as hypertension,diabetes, and obesity), Anthropometric measurements, and laboratory investigations including urine dipstick tests, complete urine analysis, blood urea, serum creatinine, and anti-streptolysin O titre.
• Selected cases of children, for further evaluation, were subjected to other investigations as protein / 24 h urine, urine culture, abdominal ultrasound, and/or plain x-ray on the kidney and urinary tract.
• We detect the prevalence rates for markers of renal disease as proteinuria, hematuria, and reduced GFR; we detect the prevalence rate for UTI; also we detect the prevalence rates for other associated conditions as hypertension, diabetes (or glucosuria), and over-weight. We compare all these rates among screened children with the corresponding ones reported by other studies in different localities and countries.
The present study revealed the following results:
1. The prevalence rates for reduced GFR, proteinuria, hematuria, and crystalluria among screened children were 1.5 %, 6 %, 6 %, and 14 %, respectively.
2. The prevalence rates for hypertension, diabetes (and glucosuria), and over-weight among screened children were 2 %, 0.5 %, and 11 %, respectively.
3. Proteinuria was more common in females than in males (6.5%, 5.6% respectively); while hematuria was more common in males than in females (6.5%, 5.4% respectively).
4. The prevalence of UTI was 10 %, and E. coli was the most common infecting organism with positive culture among screened children (60%), the infecting organisms were highly sensitive to ceftriaxone and amikacin, and moderately sensitive to co-trimoxazole, while resistant to penicillins.
5. Highly statistical significant correspondence was found between results of urine dipstick test and results of complete urine analysis regarding to proteinuria, hematuria, and pyuria “UTI“ (p value = 0.0001).
6. The sensitivity of urine dipstick test for detection of proteinuria and UTI was 91.7 % and 85 %, respectively.
7. There was significant weak negative correlation between GFR and blood urea (r = -0.24, p value = 0.001).
8. There was fair positive correlation between GFR and protein/24 h urine (r = 0.48, p value = 0.09).