الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study had been carried out at the Ornamental Horticulture, Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, during the period from 2007 to 2012. The experiments had been conducted in the Centre Laboratory for Date Palm Research, Plant Biotechnology Department, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt. The aim of this study was to investigate a suitable protocol to improve the production and development of somatic embryos of date palm cv. Sakkoty, through suspension culture technique and to indentify appropriate conditions for protoplast isolation and fusion between Sakkoty and Khalas cv. Studying the factors affecting growth and development of friable calli induced from shoot tip explants including mesh filter size, 2,4-D, vitamins, amino acids and thidiazurone (TDZ) at different concentrations, in separate experiments. The obtained results revealed that globularization degree and somatic embryo number were enhanced using filter mesh size at 500 ϻM especially in combination with liquid medium enriched with 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D. Thiamin HCl at 2.5 mg/l was superior in enhancing somatic embryo formation than other tested vitamins when added to MS liquid medium + 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/l NAA. Glutamine had stimulatory effects on cell suspension culture of date palm compared with asparagine and argenine. The addition of TDZ to suspension culture medium at 1.0 mg/l promoted somatic embryo production. Biochemical components varied according to different developmental stages. Globular stage had a highest significant content of total soluble sugars, while cotyledonary stage contained high phenols content. No significant differences in free amino acids and indoles were observed through different stages. Enzyme concentrations and incubation time affected positively on protoplasts yield. The best yield was obtained from addition of cellulose 1.5 %, hemicellulase 0.5 % and Macerozyme at 0.5 % and incubation time for 12 hours. The effects of ABA, GA3, sucrose different concentrations, temperature degree during maturation and germination stages and histological studies during callus growth and development were investigated.
Key words: Date palm, somatic embryogenesis, callus, 2,4-D, biotin, TDZ,
Temperatures, GA3, ABA, cell suspension and protoplast