الفهرس 
Aim of the Work
• History and introduction of laparoscopy in urological practiceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Sixty three patients underwent different laparoscopic procedures were included in this study, in the period between April 2011 and April 2012 in United states of America.
All patients were adults,patients who had contraindications for laparoscopic surgery were excluded from the study like patients with bleeding disorders, extensive intra peritoneal adhesions CVS and respiratory diseases, active retroperitoneal infection , abdominal wall infection, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and morbid obesity were excluded from the study , pregnant women were excluded from the study.
Twenty nine patients underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy either robot assisted or through conventional laparoscope, 15 patient underwent standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, 9 patients underwent laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy, 7 cases underwent robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty and 3 cases underwent robotic assisted laparoscopic renal cyst excision.
All patients were subjected toClinical examination, including detailed medical history focusing on the urinary tract and complete general and urological examination.Laboratory investigations like urine analysis, culture sensitivity, bleeding and coagulation time, prothrombin time and concentration, complete blood picture, renal function and liver function test.
For donor nephrectomy cases: If the is donor older than 40 years old a prostate specific antigen and digital rectal exam were done for males, and a recent PAP smear and mammogram were done for females .ABO histocompatibility, HLA cross matching, and serology for hepatitis B and C, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and varicella (VZV) and a 24-hour urine collection for creatinine clearance and protein.
Radiological investigations includes chest X ray and KUB were done for all patients.
Abdomino-pelvic computed tomography for all patients undergoing partial, radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty
Magnetic resonance angiography was done for donor nephrectomy group and with special focusing on the number of renal vasculature.
Renal radioisotope study and diuretic renogramwere done for PUJO cases.
Demographic and operative data were collected including gender, age, radiographic mass size, initial surgical approach, estimated blood loss conversion to open surgery, operative time and intraoperative complications and early postoperative complications.
Early postoperative complication that was studied includes pulmonarycomplications, GIT complications (especially ileus that was defined as need for placement of nasogastric tube); wound infection, secondary hemorrhage, urinary leakage.
For patient who underwent robot assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, The mean tumor size was 3 cm , mean operative time was 192 min, mean warm ischemic time was 21 min. and mean intra operative estimated blood loss was 88.8 cc blood.
For patients who underwent conventional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy,
The mean operative time was 215 min., mean warm ischemic time was 31.6 min. and mean volume of estimated blood loss was126.3 CC.
For patients who underwent conventional laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, the mean operative time was173 min., estimated blood loss was 67 cc. And average hospital stay was 2-3 days with mean of 2.4 days.