الفهرس 
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Abstract
Palynology is an interdisciplinary science; it is a branch of geology and biology, particularly botany. It is the science that studies contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen, spores, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs and microforaminifera, along with other palynomorphs.Pollen is the microgametophyte of seed plants, developed from the microspore (Linnaeus, 1750). The word pollen is a Latin derivative meaning fine flour or dust, descriptive of the powdery nature of pollen in mass. Grammatically, the word pollen is a collective noun and is always treated as a singular although it refers to many individuals. A single individual is called a pollen grain. As has been understood for hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years, pollen is part of the life cycles of all seed-producing plants (Jarzen and Nichols, 1996). Jackson (1928) defined spores as general terms for the usually microscopic, unicellular, reproductive units of cryptogams and fungi. Spores are produced by several organisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, and seedless plants.