الفهرس 
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Abstract
Fish parasites are of economic and health importance where they cause
serious problems in commercial fish farms and it can be transferred to human
and animals. Fish borne parasitic infections are induced by eating raw or
improperly cooked or pickled fish. Capillaria species are nematodes of serious
fish diseases which may be transferred to human. Capillaria sp. are nematodes
of many different species infecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts, some infect
human hosts causing serious parasitic diseases. Capillariasis is a severe disease
that may lead to death unless patients are treated.
Although chemical drugs have been used for treatment against such
parasitic nematodes, but, these drugs have some side effects. Recently,
medicinal plants have been used as available replacement for chemical drugs
which may be toxic to host or harmful to its surrounding environment.
Aim of study:-
The present study aims to throughout the light on fish capillarides in
Menoufia and Kalyobia Governorates to add to the available information on the
identity of this species.
1) Collection and description of the most common Capillaria sp. infecting
Bagrus docmac and B. bayad fishes collected from Menoufia and
Kalyobia Governorates.
2) In vitro evaluation of the anthelminthic activity of albendazole and three
medicinal plants (Allium sativum, Lupinus termis, and Cucurbita pepo) on
Capillaria sp.
3) In vitro evaluation of the effect of albendazole in comparison with that of
A. sativum on the fine structure of Capillaria sp. ultrastructure using
scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
4) Characterization of Capillaria sp. using RAPD-PCR technique.
Only female specimens were collected.
Summary and Conclusion
89
The findings can be summarized as follow:-
1. Morphological structure of collected Capillaria sp.:
Specimens appeared small, slender, white in color and measuring 3-7 mm
in length and 0.03-0.08 mm in width. Oral opening is terminal leading to
oesophagus which consists of two parts: muscular part and stichosome which is
the glandular part and formed of a single row of glandular cells (23-36
glandular cells have a big central nuclei). Uterus is present in the second third of
the worm body, filled with eggs and ends with the vulva. Ovary is located in the
last third of the worm body. The intestine ends at the posterior part of the body
with a terminal anal pore.
2. Fine structure of collected Capillaria sp.:
A. Scanning electron microscopy:-
Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) show that the oral opening is
anteriorly oriented and surrounded by three distinct lips (one dorso-lateral and
two ventro-lateral). Cephalic papillae are indistinct. Characteristic transversely
striated cuticular annulations appear just behind the mouth opening and extend
posteriorly till the end of the body. Two distinct lateral bacillary bands extend
along the whole body length. The openings of the bacillary band cells appear as
round pores containing semi-granular material.
The vulva is simple, and located at the second third of the body . The
anus is terminal. Many small papillary structures, possibly sensory in function
are found in the terminal end arranged in a circular pattern around the anus.
B. Transmission electron microscopy:-
Cross section of the worm body showed three basic layers : cuticle,
hypodermis and muscle layer.
Summary and Conclusion
90
1. Cuticle:-
Cuticle consists of four layers. It is covered with an outermost triplelayered
epicuticle consists of two electron dense layers enclosing an electron
opaque one. The outer cortical layer is an electron dense layer with fibrous
nature. Fibrillar layer is an electron opaque composed of circularly arranged
myofibrils followed by basal layer. The basal layer is differentiated into two
layers; an outer thick electron opaque layer which encloses electron lucent area
and an inner thin electron opaque layer with circularly arranged myofibrils.
Cuticle layer followed by hypodermis: It contains numerous
mitochondria, round electron lucent vacuoles.
Hypodermis followed internally by muscle layer, which lies against the
inner surface of the hypodermis. The bundles of longitudinally arranged muscle
fibers are separated by thin cytoplasmic septa. The contractile part is formed of
thick and thin myofilaments and encloses mitochondria and dense ovoid
structures.
The bacillary band as it seen in the present Capillaria sp. is a modified
hypodermal chord composed of bacillary band cells originating in an enlarged
hypodermal base. Such structures penetrate the cuticle layers and terminate
apically in a plug of electron dense material. The translucent plug is located
above the flask-shaped glandular (pore chamber). Numerous fine fibrils are
resolved in the pore chamber presenting lamellar apparatus together with some
electron opaque droplets.
Each lamellar apparatus is ensheathed by a thin layer of cytoplasm
bounded by plasma membrane, the bacillary sheath. A thick cuticular layer
continuous with that covering the body, covers the lamellar apparatus which is
underlined by a plasma membrane. The nuclei are situated near the basal part of
the cell, each contains a single large nucleolus with large nucleolar mass.
Summary and Conclusion
91
2. Digestive system:-
The mouth leads to the oesophagus. It is a strongly muscular organ lined
with a thick cuticular lining. The oesophagus consists of two distinct parts, the
anterior muscular part lined with a thick cuticular lining and the posterior
glandular part consists of a single row of large gland cells, the stichocytes.
The intestine lies free in the pseudocoelom. The intestinal wall is formed of
single layered epithelial cells, laying on a basal lamina. The epithelial cells
contain electron dense granular cytoplasm containing elements of endoplasmic
reticulum, numerous mitochondria and large nuclei. The intestinal microvilli are
numerous, long, electron dense and reduce the lumen size.
3. Female genital system:-
The wall of the ovary is composed of thin monolayered endothelium bound
by a thin basal lamina. The ovary is filled with ovoid oogonia. The cytoplasm
has a heterogeneous appearance and contains mitochondria, electron lucent
vesicles and electron dense inclusion bodies. The central rachies are slightly
apparent between the oogonia.
3. In vitro maintenance of Capillaria sp:
Five different media were used for maintaining Capillaria sp. in vitro,
RPMI 1640 (Formula I), RPMI 1640 (Formula II), RPMI 1640 (Formula III),
Hanksٔ saline, Natural calf serum in optimum conditions, 20 °C and pH 7.
Natural calf serum was the best medium for maintenance of Capillaria sp. as
observed by high activity and low mortality rate in the previous conditions for
24 hours exposure time. This media and conditions were appropriate for in vitro
screening of anthelminthic and medicinal plants against Capillaria sp.