الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 123 |  |  |
| | | from | 123 | | |
Abstract
1. Survey of pests and predators on medical and ornamental plants 1.1 Peppermint leaves (Mentha piperita)
Considering the total counted number of pests inspected on peppermint leaves in both two growing seasons (2007-2008 and 2008-2009), the data show that the total number of the red spider mite Tetranychus telarius was3.00 individuals/5 plants in September, 2007. In the second growing season (2008-2009), the total counted individuals of T. telarius were more increased compared with those counted individuals during the first season. A maximal average of 89.33 ± 12.72 individules/5 plants was recorded in December2008 and then the population was gradually decreased during February till June.
The population density of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii was recorded during both the growing seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The individuals were disappeared completely in Nov. and Dec., 2007, and then the mean of the counted aphids/5 plants was increased to 4.00 ± 2.00 in July (representing 34.29% of the year total count). In the second growing season (2008-2009), the mean counted aphid/5plants was obviously higher during July and August.
Generally, the rates of the inspected leaf hopper individuals were relatively high in May, in the two successive growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, where it reached 60.00 and 40.00 individuals /15 plants. The lower incidence of the leaf hopper was observed in December and July in the first cultivation season and in Dec. and August in the second one.
It was found that the population density of those pests infesting peppermint leaves (T. telarius and Aphis gossypii) attained their maximum levels during summer season. The highest percentage of the inspected pests (T.telarius, A.gossypii and E. lybica) infesting peppermint leaves were observed in Winter, Summer and Spring of the second growing season of 2008/2009.
Peppermint leaves were found to harbour the predatory mite, Amblysius sp. The total number of the predatory mite /15 plants increased to 20.00 and 19.00 individuals in Sept. and Oct., 2007, successively. The increased number of the predatory mite might be due to the increase of the host mite T. telarius at the same time. In the second growing season (2008-2009), the mean counted /5 number plants was obviously higher during Oct. and Nov., 2008. The red spider mite was found to be more parasitized with Amblyseius sp, since the percentage of predatory mite reached the maximum (42.55 and 30.23 % of total count) in Autumn and Winter during the two growing seasons, respectively.
1.1.2 Population abundance of insect-pests attracted to sticky traps
The population dynamics of insects associated with peppermint leaves during the seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 that have been attracted to yellow traps were recorded. It was noticed that peppermint leaves were infested by the semi-looper worm Trichoplosia ni, leafhoppers (Jassid) E. lybica and the Aphids, A. gossypii. The jassid E. lybica and the cotton aphid, A. gossypii were considered to be the main insects infesting peppermint leaves during this studys.
The maximum number of T. ni was recorded in Oct. and Nov., 2007. The highest occurrence levels of jassid population were observed in Oct., Nov., May, July and August, in the first growing season (2007-2008). In the second growing season of 2008/2009, the data showed a different trend from that of the first one. The total number of jassids attained their maximum during May constituting 22.78% of total counted individuals/year and then it decreased during June, July, August and Sept. (9.07, 3.52, 7.04 and 1.85% of the total year counted individuals, in respect). The highest rates of A. gossypii infestation were noticed during Oct. in the two successive growing seasons (2007-2008 and 2008-2009).
It was noticed that the numbers of pests were increased in the first cultivation season than that of the second one and that might be due to the variations within the different weather factors.
It was also found that the semi-looper worm, Trichoplosia ni and the aphid, A.gossypii infestation were high in Autumn, while the leafhoppers (Jassids) E. lybica was more evident in Spring in both the growing seasons.
1.1.3 Population density of the inspected predators on peppermint
The population densities of the inspected predators were on peppermint by using the yellow sticky traps during the two growing seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. It could be said that peppermint leaves harboring certain predators namely the green lacewings (aphid lion), Chrysopa vulgaris, the flea beetle, Phyllotreta crucifera and the predaceous bug, Orius albidipennis.
The maximum number of the individuals of the predator ,Chrysopa vulgaris in the first growing season was found in January, 2008. In the second growing season, the maximum number of Chrysopa vulgaris individuals was observed in March and May, 2009, while that predator was disappeared in December, February, June, August and September (2008-2009 ).
The individuals of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta crucifera were found in few numbers in comparison to the other inspected predators in both seasons.
It was noticed that there were no inspected individuals of the predator Orius albidipennis in the first growing season during the period that prolonged from Nov. till April. During the second growing season, Orius albidipennis individuals appeared during Oct., Nov. and Dec. On the other hand, the number of Orius albidipennis individuals was increased during the period of May-August.
It was found that the highest numbers of C. vulgaris and the flea beetle Phyllotreta crucifera were recorded in Winter and Spring of the first and second growing periods, respectively, while Orius albidipennis was more increased in Summer of both growing or cultivation periods.
1.2-Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)
1.2.1 Population density of the inspected pests on the sweet basil leaves .
In the first season, the data showed that the number of tetranychus urtica reached to high rates during July, Nov., and Aug. In the second growing season, T. urtica reached its high count during Dec., Feb., Aug. and June,while the lowest number of T. urtica was observed during May and Sep.
A. gossypii reached a high level during Aug.2008 and disappeared during Nov., Dec., Feb., April, May, and June.
In the second growing season, A. gossypii reached high numbers during April, March and May .On the other hand, the individuals of A. gossypii decreased during two periods ( Nov., Feb.,and June, Sep.).
The leaf miners appeared during Sep.2007 and Sep. 2008. and disappeared during Oct,till Aug.of following year in the first season. But in the second season the leaf miners reached their a high rates during Nov. and Oct They were decreased during Dec., Jan., Feb., March and Sep.
The high number of Tripinota squalid was recorded during July and Dec.in the second growing season.
Based on the seasonal abundance variation, T. urtica and A. gossypii reached their maximum levels during summer season but in autumn of the first growing season,the leafminers were found. The maximum levels of Tripinota squalid were observed during winter and summer. In the second growing season, T. urtica reached its high number during winter season, while A. gossypii reached its high levels during spring season. In Autumn, leafminers reached their high levels. The maximum number of Tripinota squalid was observed during winter season.
Considering the seasonal variation, the high population of Amblysius sp. Was observed in summer season of the first growing period. whereas, the high population of the predatory mite during the second planting period was observed in spring season.
1.2.2 Population abundance of insects and predators attracted to sticky traps.
In the first season, the higher rates of Trichoplosia ni were observed during Oct. and Nov., while the number was decreased during Nov. till Sep.
The maximum number of attracted jassid were recorded in July, Sep. and Oct.,while during Aug.,the count was decreased. The high number of A. gossypii was observed in March, Oct., and Sep. of the first growing season.
In the second growing season, the high number of Trichoplosia ni was recorded in Dec and disappeared during June till Sep.The jassid reached the maximum count during Jan . The lowest numbers of A. gossypii were observed during Jan. and June.
For seasonal variation, the high number of attracted Trichoplosia ni , E.lybicae and A.gossypii were observed during Autumn,Summer and Spring seasons,respectively. In the second growing season,the maximum numbers of Trichoplosia ni and Empoasca lybica were observed during winter season and Aphis gossypii was observed during spring season.
The highest number of S. punctillum and Chrysopa vulgaris was found in summer season In the second year, the highest numbers of S. punctillum, Cydonia vicina nilotica and Chrysopa vulgaris were found in spring season.
1.2.3 Population density of the land snails inspected on sweet basil.
The high number of T.Pisana was found during May and Jan. The snail was decreased during Feb., March, April, June, July, Aug. and Sep. and the lowest number of T. pisana was found during Dec.
In the second season, the high number of T. pisana was found during Octo.and Feb. It was decreased during Nov., Dec., Jan., March, April, May, June, July and Sep. and it disappeared during Aug. T. pisana reached maximum levels during Spring and Winter seasons in the two successive seasons.
1.3 Rosemary( Rosemarinus officinalis )plants
1.3.1 Population abundance of insect-pests attracted to sticky traps on rosemary plant.
The recorded population densities of insects associated with rosemary plants during two seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 showed that the maximum number of Tricheplosia ni was inspected in October then ,the population decreased during Nov.2007.
In the second growing season of 2008-2009, the maximum numbers of Tricheplosia ni were recorded in December and Mars and the insect was disappeared in Sept.
The high number of E.lybica was noticed during Octo.,Dec. and Jan.in the two successive growing seasons. The low numbers of the Jassid infesting plants were noticed during June,Aug.and Sep.of the second season.
The total number of the inspected A gossypii individuals was high recorded during Oct. in the two successive growing seasons,while disappeared in Dec. during the second growing season.
In the first season, Trichoplosia ni ,E .lybica and A gossypii reached their maximum levels during autumn season. In the second season (2008-2009), Trichoplosia ni reached a high level during winter 43.75% , but E.lybica and A.gossypii reached their high levels in Autumn
1.3.2 Population density of the inspected predators on rosemary plants .
The population densities of the predators inspected on rosemary plant by using the yellow sticky traps during the two growing seasons noticed that the high number of Orius sp in the first season was found in May and July, while it decreased during Aug. and completely disappeared during June and Sep. In the second season ,the high number of the predaceous bug Orius sp was found during Oct. and April .
The high number of S.punctillum inspected in the first season was recordedduring May July and Aug.,.but the number was decreased during June and Sep.
In the second season The high numbers was during April were detected during Oct., May, July and Sep.and was disappeared during Nov., Dec., Jan., Feb., March, June and Aug. seasonal variation showed that the predatory Orius sp and S.punctillum disappeared during autum and winter seasons and appeared with high number during summer season in the second season showed that the high number of Orius sp was found during autum Season while the high number of S.punctillum was found during spring season.
1.3.3.Population abundance of pests infesting rosemary plants
The land snails Theba pisana considering the total counted number of pests inspected on rosemary plants in both two growing season (2007-2008 and 2008-2009) the number of T.pisana in the first season was low during Nov. , Dec. ,Jan., July and Sep while The higher numbers was observed during March and June. In the second growing season .A maximal rate was found in March and Jan., Meanwhile, the population decreased during April till July.
On seasonal variation T. pisana which reached its maximum levels during spring and winter during the two growing successive seasons.
2. Food consumption and host preference of T.pisana
Food consumption of baits prepared with minced green leaves.The consumption of those prepared baits(5g)containing wheat bran and minced green leaves of either sweet basil ,rosemary ,peppermint and/or lettuce by the garden land snail T.pisana was assessed. The amonent of the consumed bait was calculated as a percentage of that offered to the snail individuals.
The results shown that the food consumption value is the highest at 1 st period after2 days ,with sweet basil baits (81.64%), while the lowest value is related to peppermint baits (65.61%).On the other hand , at the 2 nd period the highest consumption value is related to rosemary baits (80.95%),while the lowest value is related to lettuce baits(42.09%). the 3 rd period , the hightest value is related to lettuce and the lowest consumption is shown with sweet basil baits. According to the mean average value of consumption ,it could be concluded that the consumption values may be arranged in an ascending order as follows: 66.95 , 67.18 , 69.90 and 76.03 with ,peppermint, lettuce, sweet basil and rosemary ,in sequence.
3. Efficacy of prepared poison baits against T.pisana.
The results indicate the toxicity of the prepared poison baits of certain tested pesticides against the small garden snail , Theba pisana (Muler) under laboratory conditions.The mortality values calculated as cumulative effect are gradually increased with time up to 5 days post- treatment. Acorrding to methomyl baits,the cumulative mortality percentages values were 96.7 , 100 and 100for the tested bait concentration of 0.5,0.75 and 1%, respectively.The corresponding LT50 values are 2.73 , 2.86 and 2.81 days. The cumulative mortality values were 6.7 ,23.3 and 6.7 for the mospilan prepared baits of 0.2,0.75 and 1% .The corresponding LT50 values are 18.19 , 4.43 and 21.19 days.
The estimated cumulative mortality percentages for the efficient nemathorin baits were amounted to 40 , 86.7 , 100 , 90 and 83% after 5 days from feeding snails on the prepeared baits of nemathorin giving LT50 values of 4.61 , 4.09 , 4.24 , 3.39 and 3.95 days at its tested concentrations of 0.5 , 0.75 , 1 , 1.5 and 2% , respectively.