الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Many attemtps have been made to increase the acceptance
of honeybeen larvae or eggs grafted into artificial queen
cells, especially in commercial queen rearing operations
with Apis mellifera L. The present study was undertaken in
the apiary and Laboratory of Plant Protection Dept., Faculty
of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Zagazig University in 1989 and
1990. The factors which were taken in consideration from
this study were (1) effect of feeding honeybee colonies on
the acceptance of worker larvae and the number of emergence
queens during the queen rearing in queenless colonies, (2)
Rearing queen honeybee larvae in queenright colonies and in
other colonies with queen restricted to the brood chamber
by queen excluder or wire-screen excluder, (3) The acceptance
of transplanted worker eggs in queen cells by queenless
colonies, (4) The effect of grafting honeybee larvae with
royal jell y (wet grafting) and wi thout royal .i ell y ( dry
grafting) on the acceptance of larvae transplantation. (5)
The correlations between the age of worker larvae which was
grafted in artificial queen cups and the resul ts of aueen
rear ing activ i ty, (6) The effect of the cons truction rnateri al s
of queen cups on the acceptance of worker larvae for aueen
rearing: (a) The effect of bee-wax cups and plastic cups on
the acceptance of aueen larvae; (b) The effect of queen-cups
composi tion from paraffin wax on the acceptance of grafted
worker larvae during queen rearing: ec) The effect of beeswax-
cups mixing with pollen grains and d.ipi nq in propolis
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on acceptance of worker larvae during queen rearing, (7)
The biometeric studies on some factors affecting on the
emergence queen: (a) effect of feeding the colonies of
honeybee on the biometeric characteristics of queens which
was accepted and reared in these col ani es : (b) effect of
the age at which honeybee brood was grafted on the biometeric
characteristics of reared queens: (c) effect of types of
queen-cups which used in queen rear ing on the biometer ic
characteristics.
I- The Effect of feeding honeybee colonies on the acceptance
of worker larvae and the number of emergence Queens
duri-ngt.he queen rearing in queenless conlonies:
In this experiment the colonies of hOQeybee were
feeding during the dearth seasons before queen rearing
started and during the queen rearing in the same colonies,
sugar syrup, supramin, Nestogen and dried brewer’s yeast
were used in this study, 3 colonies for each treatment,
while 3-colonies was let without artificial foods as control,
in this colonies the mean number of emergence queens was
7.8 queen/colony during 1989, while the mean number of
emergence queens was 9.0 queen/colony during 1990. While
in case of the colonies fed on sugar syrup, the mean number
of emergence queen was 15.0 queen/colony during 1989, and
was 15.8 queen/colony during 1990.
The colonies fed on supramin resulted the mean number
of the emergence queens was 18.4 Queen/colony in 1989,
while the mean number, of emergence queens in 1990 was 17.0
queen/colony.
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Feeding colonies wi th Nestogen and its the effect on
queen rearing acti vity showed that, the mean number of the
emergence queens in 1989 was 21.8 queen/colony, while the
mean number of the emergence queens in 1990 was 19.3 quean
per-cplony.
For the experiment of feeding with the dry brewer’s
yeast as pollen usbstitutes and its effect on the acceptance
of the worker larvae grafted in queen cups indicated that
the mean number of the emergence queens .in 1989 was 24.6
queen/colony, while the mean number of the emergence queens
in 1990 was 23.4 queen/colony.
For statistical analysis between the types of nutritions
showed that the difference between types of foods were
highly significant in two seasons of the experiment.
The above results indicated that the feeding of
honeybee colonies on the dry brewer’s yeast as pollen
substitutes produced the emergence queens was more than the
others types of the artificial foods which, were used in
this experiment.
11- Rearing queen honeybee larvae in queenright colonies
and in other colonies with queens festricted to the
brood chamber by queen excluder or wire-screen excluder.
The acceptance of queen larvae by colonies with
confined queens using queen excluder and wire screen showed
that, the mean number of the emergence queens in 1989 was
14.3 queen/colony. for colonies with confined Queens by
queen excluder with the percentage of 47.7% (129 queens out
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of the 270 queen-cell s grafted in 9 colonies), whil e the
mean number of the emergence queens in colonies with confined
queens by wire screen excluder was 17.9 queen/colony wi th
the percentage of 59. 7%, it was more than that produced
from the colonies confined its queens by queen excluder.
The acceptance of queen larvae by colonies with
conf ined queens using queen excluder in 1990 showed that,
the mean number of the emergence queens was 16.0 queen per
colony, with the percentage of 53.3%, while the mean number
of the emergence queens in the colonies confined queens by
wire screen excluder was 18.6 queen/colony, with the
percentage of 62.0% out of the grafted queen ce-lls: it was
more than that produced from the colonies contined its
queens by queen excluder.
The acceptance of queen larvae by colonies wi th free
queens (queenright colonies) after removing the Queen
excluder and wire screen excluder from these colonies before
one-week of the queen rearing started~ permitting the Queen
to move freely both in the brood chamber and in the super
box; which contained the queen cups grafted. The acceptance
of queen larvae by colonies with free queens after removing
the queen excluder indicated that: the mean number of
emergence queens was 9. 7 queen/colony with the percentage
of emerged queens was 32. 2%, while the mean number of
emergence queens in the colonies wi th free queens after
removing the wire screen excluder was 13.4 Queen/colony,
with the percentage of 44.7%, this results was in 1989.
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In both treatments similar resul ts in 1990 indicated
that, the mean number of the emergence queens after removing
the queen excluder was 8.3 queen/colony with the percentage
of 27. 7%, While the mean number of the emergence queens in
the colonies after remov ing the wire screen excluder was
10.9 queen/conloy; with the percentage of 36.3%. The number
of the emergence queens which reared in the colonies after
removing the wire screen excluder was more than the queens
emerged from colonies after removing the queen excluder.
But the statistical analysis showed that not significant
difference between treatments.
111- The acceptance of transplanted worker egg? in queencells
for rearing by queenless colonies:
In commercial apiar ies , queens of honeybees
(Apis mellifera L.) are reard from workers larvae grafting
in queen-cups, in this experiment, the transplantation of
worker eggs at I-day, 2-days and 3-days in bess-wax cups was reared
in queen1ess colonies, the mean number of the emergence queens
in 1989 were 5.0, 8.7 and 14.0 queen/colony out of 20 eggs
grafted in queen cups per queenless colony. Whil e the mean
acceptance of transpl anted the worker eggs at 1 day, 2 days
and 3 days old in 1990 were 3.7, 6.3 and 16.0 emerged queens
per colony, respectively. Statistical analysis for the age
of the eggs indicated that, the differences were singnificant
in 1989 (p ~ 0.05), while these differences between the old
of worker eggs were highly significant in 1990 (p ~ 0.01).
The grafting of the worker eggs at 3days old produced more
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emergence queen than the other age of eggs (I-day ana 2-days
old) .
IV- Effect of grafting honeybee larvae with royal jelly
(wet grafting and without royal jelly (dry grafting) on
the acceptance of the transplantations of the worker
larvae:
The present study considers the consequences of
transplantation with a royal jelly as wet grafting, in
another group of trails; the queen cups were grafting wi th
larvae without royal jelly as dry grafting. The results
indicated that, the mean number of the emergence queens
from colonies grafted the worker larvae with royal jelly
(wet grafting) in 1989 was 19. 25 queen/colony, wi th the
percentage of 64.2%. While the mean number of the emergence
queens in 1990 was 22.75 queen/colony; the percentage was
75.8%.
The mean number of the emergence queens in queenless
colonies grafted with the worker larvae without royal jelly
(dry grafting) in 1989 was 11. 75 queen/ colony; wi th the
percentage of 39.2%. While the mean number of the emergence
queens in these colonies in 1990 was 13. 25 queeriz co Lony :
with the percentage of 44.2%. The transplantation the worker
larvae with royal jelly in artificial queen-cups for queen
rearing was much higher in the emergence queens than those
reared without royal jelly, statistical analysis indicated
that, these differences was highly significant in 1990,
while was not significant in 1989. The dry grafting is more
economic value for royal jelly production and for commercial
of the queen rearing in the beekeeping companies.
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V- The correlations between
grafted in wax-queen cups
activi ty:
the age of worker larvae was
and resul ts of queen rearing
Queens were reared from 1arv ae 1, 2, 3 and 4 days old
larvae transferred to the bee-wax queen-cups, 30 of each
was fixed in a fram per a queenless colony, three queensless
colonies were treated wi th one age of the -wo r ker larvae,
this experiment carried out during 1989 and 1990. The mean
number of the emergence queens in 1989 which accepted and
emerged from colonies grafted wi th 1arv ae at I-days, 2-days,
3-days and 4-days old were 21. 7, 17. 0, 9. 7 and 1. 7 queen
per colony, respectively. While the mean number of the
emergence queens in 1990 for each larval age were 18.3,
12.3, 6.7 and 2.3 queen/colony, respectively. These results
indicated that; each increase of I-days in the age of larvae
grafted decrease the acceptance of queen cells and the
number of the emergence queens, the best resul ts was came
from the transplantations (grafting) the worker larvae in
queen cups at I-day old (24 h. or less from hatching of the
worker eggs). The statistical analysis of the differences
between the ages of the worker larvae which grafted in
queen-cups and acceptance were highly significant (pL 0.01).
VI- The effect of the construction material of Queen-cups
on the acceptance of the worker larvae for Queen rearing:
The material from which the artificial queen cell s
were studies in this experiment:
a) Effect of bees-wax cups and plastic cups on the acceptance
of queen larvae:
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The results indicated that the mean number of the
emergence queens grafter in bees-wax-cups wi th royal jell y
(wet grafting) was 21.3 queen/colony, while in case of
plastic-cups was 20.0 queen/colony. The grafting without
royal jelly in bees-wax cups was 15.0 queen/colony, while
in case of plastic cups was 10.0 queen/colony. The statistical
analysis showed that the differences between the types of
queen-cups was not significant; while the differences between
types of grafting was highly significant, (P L... 0.01) in
(1989) . While in 1990 the mean number of the emergence
queens in case of bees-wax queen-cups grafted wi th royal
jelly was 17.7 queen/colony, while in case of plastic cups
was 15.3 queen/colony. While the dry grafting (without
royal jelly) in bees-wax cups indicated that the mean number
of the emergence queens was 12.3 queen/colony, while the
mean number of the emergence queens in case of the plastic
cups was 13.3 queen/colony. The statistical analysis showed
tha t, the differences between the types of queen cups was
not significant, while the differences between the types of
grafting was highly significant (p L 0.01).
(b) _ Effect of queen-cup composition from paraffin-wax on
the acceptance of grafted worker larvae during queen
rearing:
Some factors affecting on the acceptance of grafted
queen cells were studies in the present investigation
especially the effect of queen-cups composition from paraffin
wax on the acceptance and survival of grafted larvae. The
mean number of the emergence qUelelTIS which was grafted in
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queen cups mixed bees-was with paraffin-wax at the percentage
of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% , 10%, 20%, 40% and 60% wer e 18. 3, 17 . 7 ,
16.7, 13.7, 7.3, 0.0, 0.0 and 0.0 queen/colony compared
with queen-cups made from bees-wax as control was 22.0
queen/ colony in 1989. Whil e in 1990 the mean number of the
emer gence queen wereI 9. 7, 16. 7 , 14. 4 , 11. 3 , 5 • 0 , o. 0 , 0 . 0
and 0.0 queen/colony, respectively, while in the control
(bees-wax cups) was 21.0 queen/colony. The statistical
analysis showed that, the differences between types of
queen-cups were highly significant (p L O. 01) . from the
results, it could be mentioned that, the honeybeen prefered
to reared and acceptance its queen larvae whic~ grafted in
Queen-cups contained the high percentage of the paraffin-wax.
(c)- Effect of queen-cups mixing with pollen grains and
dipping queen-cups in propolis on the acceptance of
worker larvae during artificial queen rearing:
The bees-wax was mixed wi th pollen grains for making
queen cups with the percentage of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%,
1.0%, 2. 0%, 4. 0% and 8. 0%. The mean number of the emergence
queens in these queens-cups in 1989 were 18.7, 15.0, 16.0,
11.3, 9.7, 7.3 and 2.3 queen/colony, respectively, compared
wi th queens reared in bees-wax cups as control was 22. 7
queen/colony. While the mean number of the emergence queens
in 1990 were 20.3, 16.7, 16.3, 15.7, 13.0, 9.3 and 1.7
queen/colony, respectively, the mean number of the emergence
queens in bees-wax cups as the control was 20.7 queen/colony.
The statistical analysis between types of the queen-cups
was highly significant (P L 0.01). The resul ts indica ted
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that, an increase in the percentage of pollen grains in the
bees-wax cups was decrease the acceptance of worker-larvae
which reared in these queen-cups.
The mean number of the emergence queens which was
reared in bees-wax cups dipping in propolis solutions at
100, 200 and 400 ppm, were equally acceplable of queen
cells in 1989 were 20.0, 18.7 and 12.0 queen/colony,
respectively. While the mean number of the emergence queens
in 1990 were 20.0, 18.3 and 15.7 queen/colony, respectively,
statistical analysis indicated that no difference between
treatments. It could be mentioned that the mean number of
the emergence queens was decreased with the increase of the
concentration of the propolis.
VII- The biometric studies on some factors affecting on the
emergence queens.
a) Effect of feeding the colonies
characteristics of honeybee queens
and reared in these colonies:
on the biometeric
which was accepted
Queens were reared in queenless colonies which was
fed on different artificial foods, the emergence queens
from these colonies and its queen-cells after emerging were
measured as biometeric characteristics studies, the resul ts
showed that, the feeding of honeybee colonies on the dry
brewer’s yeast during the dearth seasons and during the
queen rearing was produced the Queens in good quali ty and
inhancement the biometric characteristics of ”these queens,
the mean weight of virgin queens reared in colonies fed on
the yeast was 168.8 mg/queen in 1989 and was 169.6 mg per
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queen in 1990. While the mean weight of the mated queens
which was reared in the colonies fed on the yeast in 1989
was 200.4 mg per queen and was 197.6 mg/queen in 1990.
The yeast effect on the biometeric characteristics
was the first and followed by nestogen, supramin, sugar
syrup and then colonies without artificial feeding (control).
(b)- Effect of the age at which honeybeen brood was grafted
on the biometeric characteristics of reared queens:
Queens were reared from worker larvae 1, 2, 3-days old
and worker eggs 3-days old, they were then naturally mated,
the biometeric characteristics of these queens indicated
that the mean weight of the virgin queens in 1989 were
168.0, 142.8, 137.8 and 178.2 mg/queen, respectively. While
the mean weight of the mated queens in 1989 were 200.2,
173.2, ’162.6 and 212.0 mg/queen in case of the queens reared
from the worker larvae at I-day, 2-days. 3-days old and
worker eggs 3-days old respectively.
In 1990, the mean weight of the v irgin queens reared
from the worker larvae at I-day. 2-days. and 3-days old
were 166.4, 146.6 and 138.4 mg/queen. respectively. The
mean weight of the virgin queens was reared from the worker
eggs 3-days old was 179.4 mg/queen. While in the same year,
the mean weight of the mated queens which was reared from
the worker larvae at I-day. 2-days and 3-days were 196.6.
176.6 and 162.4 mg/queen, respectively. The mean ~ight of the
mated queens which was emerged from the worker eggs grafted
in bees-wax cups 205.4 mg/queen.
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The statistical analysis between the different ages
of the honeybees brood was highly significant (p L 0.01).
The resul ts indicated that, each increase of 1 day in
the age of the brood grafted was decreased the biometeric
characteristics of the emerged and mated queens, the grafting
of queen-cupS with the worker larvae at I-day old (24 h. or
less) and by the worker eggs at 3-days old gave the best
results in queen rearing of honeybees.
(c) _ Effect of types of the queen-cups which used in the
queen rearing on the biometeric characteristics of the
emergence queens:
Queens were reared in bees-was cups, plastic cups,
bees-wax, mixed wi th paraffin-wax cups and bees-wax mixed
with pollen for making the queen cups, the biometeric
characteristics of the emerged queens and t he mated queens
which was reared in the above queen-cups showed that, in
1989 the mean weight of the virgin queens were 150.2, 143.8,
157.8 and 159.6 mg/queen, respectively. While the mean
weight of the mated queens were 182.6, 172.8, 187.2 and
189.4 mg/queen, respectively, for the queens reared in
queen cups making from bees-wax, plastic, paraffin bees wax
and pollen bees-wax respectively. While in 1990, the mean
weight of the virgin queens were 148.2, 145.6, 154.2 and
164.0 mg/queen, respectively. While the mean weight of the
mated queens were 178.8, 176.0, 185.4 and 195.4 mg/aueen,
respectively. The results indicated that the mixing bees-wax
wi th the other materials was more effect on the acceptance
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._. -- _.. -- - - - - _. -- - - -- - _.--
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of worker larvae grafted
these materials and the
in queen-CUPs which was made from
biometeric char ac r e r i stics of the
emergence queens was clearly different, this points will be
needed for more studies in the future