الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summa11!.
Partffi
u.v. light and Sex~pheromone traps for ecological estimations:
1- Population dynamics of Spodoptera littoralis adults:
Daily counts were recorded for the numbers of moths caught at EI~
Kanater El-Khairiya district (Qalubia Governorate) throughout two
successive years (1994 & 1995) by using V.V. light and Sex pheromone traps
. Daily temperature (min. & max.) and R.H. were also recorded in order to
find out the efficiency of these traps in attracting Silittoralis _moths on one
hand and the correlation between the catch and weather factors, on the other
hand.
A. by using V.V. light traps:
The total population of adults was generally higher in 1995 (976.5
adults) than 1994 (444 moths) . The high adults abundance occurred
throughout the last week of May in 1994 and the second week of July in 1995
(23 and 49 adults / trap, respectively) .
B. By using pheromone traps:
Six peaks of adults’ abundance were detected in 1994 (the highest peak
was detected on May, 27 th and the lowest was detected on March, 25 th ).
In 1995 four peaks were detected (the highest peak was detected on July, 8 th
and the lowest was detected on March, 18 th ).
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2- Comparison between S.littoralis male catch by using V.V. light and the
Sex - pheromone traps:
The data indicated that the total males’ catch was nearly 4.4 times
higher in the pheromone traps (1942.5) than in the light trap (444) during
1994 but in 1995 it was nearly 5.5 times higher in the pheromone traps
(5413.2) than in the light trap (976.5) . The two years data indicated that the
two years males’ catch by the sex. pheromone trap (7355.7 moths) was 5.2
times higher than those caught by the light trap (1420.5 moths) .
3- Effect of weather factors:
Correlation coefficient values were calculated between the SIze of
weekly catch by pheromone traps and the weekly records of; max. & min.
temperatures; and % R.H .
A. Maximum temperature:
There was a significant positive relationship between the moths’ catch
and the maximum temperature (r = + 0.794 in 1994 and + 0.848 in 1995) at
two weeks earlier in 1994 and at five weeks earlier in 1995 .
B. Minimum temperature:
A significant positive correlation was detected also between moths’
population abundance and the minimum temperature (r = + 0.866 in 1994 &
+ 0.794 in 1995) at one week earlier in 1994, but at four weeks earlier in
1995 .
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C. Relative humidity :
The relationship between the population at S.littoralis moths and
relative humidity was significantly negative in 1994 and also in 1995 (r. =
-0.445 in 1994 and -0.797 in 1995) at five weeks earlier in 1994 and at three
weeks earlier in 1995 .
D. The combined effect of three weather factors:
The partial regression values and the explained variance percentages
were calculated to determinne the combined effect of the three weather
factors . In 1994, the explained variance percentages were 84.3, 87.6 and
740/0 for the maximum & minimum temperatures and % relative humidity,
respectively . The minimum temperature was the most effective factor on the
cotton leaf worm population, followed by the maximum temperature, while
the % ralative humidity was the least effective factor. In 1995, the % R.H.
was the most effective factor (950/0 explained variance), followed by the
maximum temperature (93.1 %) and the least effective factor was the
minimum temperature (85.60/0) .
4- Relationship between the volume of moth’catch and the cotton
leafworm egg - masses in cotton fields:
Positive correlation was evident between the captured number of male
moths and number of egg - masses in the field; 1. e. , more egg - masses in
the field are expected to be Found as the captured males in the sex -
pheromone traps increase . The higest significant regression value (b = +
0.71) was detected 3 days earlier throughout the period from May, 21 st to
July, 17 th 1994 . That meant that for every 7 male moths captured by the
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sex-pheromone traps, about lOaf the cotton leafworm egg - massess are
expected to be detected / feddan on cotton leaves at £1- Kanater £1- Khairiya
during May - July. In 1995, the highest significant regression value (b =
0.608) occurred at three days earlier; i . e. for every 6 male moths captured in
the sex - pheromone traps, there were about 10 egg - masses of the cotton
leafworm on cotton leaves throughout the same mentioned period.
5- Comparison between the average number of S.littoralis egg - masses /
feddan in treated and untreated areas with pheromone traps:
The 3 days average number of egg - masses collected during 1994
season from May, 18 th to July, 17 th was 20.9 and 43.5/ feddan in the
areas treated with pheromone traps and the untreated areas. In 1995, these
averages were 54.43 and 91.38 egg-masses / feddan in the treated and
untreated areas from May, 21 sf to July, 17 th . Thus showed reductions in
the egg-mass counts by 53.53 and 41.28% in 1994 and 1995, respectively.
with average reduction of(53.53% in 1994 and 41.280/0in 1995) .
Statistical analysis of data indicated positive significant correlation
between the number of egg - masses in the treated and untreted areas. A
highly significant regression value (b = + 1.59 in 1994 and + 1.48 in 1995)
were calculated. These meant that for every 10 egg - masses in areas
provided with pheromone traps; there was about 16 egg - masses in cotton
fields which were not provided with pheromone traps, while in 1995, for
every 10 egg - masses in cotton fields that received pheromone traps, there
was about 15 egg-masses in areas which were not provided with pheromone
traps.
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6- Effect of the mean temperature on the ee:2 - layine; activity of
Spodoptera littoralis moths:
Positive significant correlation was detected between the mean
temperature and the egg - laying activity (r =+ 0.699 in treated and + 0.769
in untreated areas) . A highly significant regression values (b = + 7.63 in
treated and + 12.867 in untteated areas during 1995 season) . That meant that
an increase of 1°C in the daily mean temperature. increases the number of
egg - masses laid by moths of S. littoralis by 7.63 and 12.86 on the average in
treated areas with Pheromone traps and untreated areas .
Part II
Non - chemical substances against S. littoralis
This experimental work was carried out to evalute the effetiveness of
some substances against the cotton leafworm S. littoralis by using semi -
field technique . The non-chemical substances used in these experiments
included : ~~Bio-clean” (a bioinsecticide contains Bacillus thuringiensis and
Beauveria bassiana) ,IKI PP 145 & Consult 100 EC & Consult 100 SC and
the water suspension of a hedge plant, Clerodendron inerme dry leaves .
These substances were applied in the field on cotton plants to be assayed in
the laboratory against the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of S.littoralis larvae
which were fed for 24 hrs. on cotton treated leaves after different periods
from field application.
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1. Toxicological and biological activity of ” Bio-c1ean” on Spodoptera
littoralis :
1.1. Acute toxicity of ”Bio - clean” :
The results showed that feeding of S .littoralis larvae for 24 hrs. on Bio
_ clean treated cotton leaves caused mortalities that ranged between 40-96%
and 30-920/0 by treatment in the 2 nd and 4 th instars at zero time and after 9
days of application, respectively, compared to 140/0 amongst the control
larvae.
1.2. Biological activity of Bio-clean :
The delayed effects of Bio-clean on the surviving larvae and the
subsequent stages after treatments of the 2 nd and 4 th larval instars may be
summarized as follows:
I.2.A. Effect on larval duration:
The period of S. littoralis larval stage was affected due to 2 nd and 4 th
instar larval feeding on Bio-clean treated cotton leaves such effect was the
lengthening of this period (23 ± 0.2 - 27.5 ± 0.5 days by treatment in the 2 nd
instar and 19.2 ± 0.3 - 24.2 ± 0.6 days by treatment in the 4 th instar opposed
to 20.6 ± 0.1 and 18.5 ± 0.3 days for the larval period of the control larvae) .
This effect increased by shortening the period from application to treatment.
I.2.B. Effect on pupal duration:
Bio-clean treatment caused increases in the duration of the subsequent
pupae which resulted from larval treatment. The longest pupal period (20.3 ±
0.7 days) from pupae resulted from larvae fed in their 4 th instar at zero time,
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while the pupal duration of pupae resulted from the 2 nd instar larval
treatment was 20.0 ± 0.7 days opposed to 16.5 ± 0.2 and 16.4 ±O.l days in
case of control pupae, respectively ..
1.2.C. Effect on pupal weight:
Larval treatment in the earlier instar (2 nd instar) lead to pupae less in
weight than those resulted from larvae treated in the latter one (4 th instar);
the recorded weights were 272 and 284 mg / pupa due to larval treatment at
zero time opposed to 416 and 414 mg. for control pupa.
1.2.D. Effect on pupation:
The severest effect occurred when treatment took place on the earlier
larval instal’ . The percentage of pupation due to 2 nd and 4 th instars larval
treatment at zero time were 24 and 320/0,respectively opposed to 90 & 920/0
pupation in case of the control pupae.
1.2.E. Effect on adults’ emergence:
The percentages of adults’ emergence were 16.7 and 250/0by treatment
of the 2 nd and 4 th instars larvae at zero time, opposed to 95.5 and 93.5%,
respectively, form pupae resulted from untreated larvae
1.2.F. Deformations amongst different stages:
The total percentages of malformed stages ranged from 6 to 320/0and
8-26% by treatments of the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae at zero time and after 9
days of field applications, respectively .
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1.2.G. Effect on the resultant adults:
I.2.G.I. Effect on adult’s life-span :
The moths resulted from the 2 nd instar larval treatment lived for 6-5
days III case of males and females, respectively. The longevities of males
and females resulted after 4 th instar larval treatment were 6-5.7 days
opposed to 9.9-8.9 of control moths, respectively.
1.2.G.2. Effect on eggs’ reproductivity and hatchability :
The females resulted from 2 nd instar larval treatment, deposited fewer
number of eggs (140 eggs/female) resulted after larval treatment at zero time
opposed to 310 eggs/ control female) . The females, resulted from 4 th instar
larval treatment, deposited 151 eggs/female from larvae treated at zero time
opposed to 315 eggs/ control female . Amongst the deposited eggs, the
hatchability % was found to be reduced to Bio-clean larval treatment, being
20-35 and 23-47 0/0, respectively, opposed to 90 & 800/0from eggs of the
control check.
2. Toxicolgical and biological activity of ”IGR compounds” on
Spodoptera littoralis :
Consult 100 EC caused the highest mortality rates amongst the treated
larvae, being 38 - 96% and 32 - 96% opposed to 34·96% and 30 - 90% in
case of Consult 100 SC and 26 - 940/0and 30 - 900/0in case ofIKI PP 145, by
treatment the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae, respectively .
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2.2 Latent toxicity of” IGR compounds” :
IGR’s caused reductions in the weight of resultant pupae, pupation,
emergence and eggs’reproductivity . These effects were dependent on, the
period after the IGR application to treatment and also on the assayed
compound.
2.3. Biological activity of IGR’s :
The delayed effects of IGR’s on the surviving larvae and the
subsequent stages after treatments of the 2 nd and 4 th larval instars .
2.3.A Effect on larval duration:
Generally, the effect of S. littoralis larval feeding on cotton leaves
treated by IGR compounds (prolongation of the larval period) increased by
shortening the period from field of the compound application to laboratory
treatment . By treatment at zero time, the longest larval periods were detected
(IK! PP 145; 27.9 ± 0.3 (25-29), Consult 100 EC; 26.4 ± 0.4 (25-30) and
Consult 100 SC; 26.6 ± 0.3 (25-29) days for larvae were fed on treated food
(IIG PP 145; 23.6 ± 0.6 (19-28), Consult 100 EC; 23.5 ± 0.7 (20-29) and
Consult 100 SC; 23.6 ± 0.7 (20-28) days) at zero time.
2.3.B. Effect on pupal duration:
IK! PP 145 showed the greatest efficiency on the pupel durtion, the
longest pupel periods occurred from 2 nd instar larvae at zero time, being
20.8 ± 0.6 days, 20.3 ± 0.7 days for Consult 100 SC and 20 ± 0.7 for Consult
100 EC. When treatment took place on the 4 th instar lervae, at zero time
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(19.9 ± 0.7, 19.8 ± 0.9 and 19.7 ± 0.7 days for treatments by IKI PP 145,
Consult 100 SC and Consult 100 EC, respectively) .
2.3.C. Effect on pupal weight:
The pupae became heavier ill their weights as the period after
application until starting larval feeding became longer. The highest effect of
IGR’S in reducing the pupal weight occurred by treatment the second instar
S. littoralis larvae at zero time (270, 278 and 292 mg. by using IKI PP 145,
Consult 100 EC and Consult 100 SC, respectively opposed to 415 mg. for the
control pupae) . By treatment of the 4 th instar larvae, at zero time also, the
recorded values of pupal weight were 280, 285 and 300 mg., respectively.
2.3.D. Effect on pupation:
The serverest effect occurred when treatment took place just after
application of IGR compounds. This effect decreased and the percentage of
normally formed pupae increased by the lengthening of the period from IGR
application to treatment. The 2 nd instar larvae were more susceptible than
the 4 th instar larvae . The mean percentages of pupation were 128,26 and
260/0 by using IKI PP 145, Consult 100 EC and Consult 100 SC, respectively
by treatment the 2 nd instar larvae at zero time. While the treatment of 4 th
instar larvae, the mean percentage of pupation was 30% by using the three
IGR compounds at zero time.
2.3.£. Effect on adults’ emergence:
The percentages of adults’ emergence (28.6, 23.1 and 23.10/0 by
treatment of the 2 nd instar larvae with IKI PP 145, Consult 100 EC and
Consult 100 SC at zero time, respectively.
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While the percentages of adults’ emergence (40,33.3 and 33.3% ) by
treatment of the 4 th instar larvae with IKl PP 145, Consult 100 EC and
Consult 100 SC at zero time, respectively.
2.3.F. Deformations amongst different stages:
Higher percentages of deformities occurred amongst the treated larvae
(4 to 28 & 4 to 24%) than amongst the resultant pupae (0 to 8 & 2 to 10%)
and adults (0 to 6 & 2 to 4%) by treatment of the 2 nd & 4 th instars larvae at
zero time and after 9 days of IKl PP 145 application, respectively.
2.3.G. Effect on the resulatant adults:
The delayed effect was also detected on the adult stage which showed
shorter life - span and decreased fecundity than control.
2.3.G.l. Effect on adult’s life - span :
The moths resulted from the 2 nd instar larval treatment with IKl PP
145, Consult 100 EC and Consult 100 SC were lived for 5.5 & 5, 6 & 5 and 6
& 5 days in case of males & females, respectively, at zero time. While the
moths resulted from the 4 th instar larval treatment with IKI PP 145, Consult
100 Ee and Consult 100 SC were lived for 6.7 & 5.5,6.5 & 5.5 and 6.5 & 5.5
days in case of males & females at zero time, respectively.
2.3.G.2 Effect on eggs’ reproductiv.ity and hatchability :
By using IKI PP 145, Consult 100 EC and Consult 100 SC against 2 nd
instar larvae, the numbers of deposited eggs were 147, 149 and 152 eggs I
female by treatment the larvae at zero time, respectively, while the larval
treatment of 4 th instar larvae, the numbers of deposited eggs were 157, 158
and 159 eggs / female, respectively . Amongst the deposited eggs, the
hatchability percentage was 0% in cases of the three IGR compounds by the
treatments of 2 nd & 4 th instar larvae at zero time.
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3- Toxicoloeical and biological activity of clerodendron inerme on
Spodoptera littoralis :
3.1. Acute toxicity of Clerodendron inerme :
Water suspension of clerodendron inerme dry leaves caused higher
mortality rates amongst treated larvae (24-880/0 and 20-820/0by treatment in
the 2 nd and 4 th instars, respectively compared to 12-14% in the control
larvae) .
3.1. Biological activity ofgerodendron inerme :
3.l.A. Effect on larval duration:
The general trend of such effect was the lengthening of this period
(22.2 ± 0.2 - 26.4 ± 0.4 days by treatment in the 2 nd instar and 19.8 ± 0.2 -
23.3 ± 0.5 days by treatment in the 4 th instar opposed to 21.5 ± 0.2 and 19.4
± 0.2 days for the control larvae, respectively) . The prolongation of larval
period increased also by shorte-ning the period from C. inerme; application to
laboratory treatment, as the longest larval periods (26.4 ± 0.4 24·29 and 23.3
± 0.5 19:28 days) were detected by treatment the 2 nd and 4 th instars,
respectively, just after application of the plant water suspension.
3.1.B. Effect on pupal duration:
Pupae resulted from S. littoralis larvae treated in the 4 th instar showed
longer pupal period than those resulted from larvae treated in their 2 nd instar •
The longest pupal period (19.9 ± 0.6 ; 17-22 days) was estimated from
pupae resulted after 4 th instar larval feeding on treated cotton leaves at zero
time, opposed to 16.8 ± 0.5 (10-18) days for the control pupae, indicating
18.50/0 increase in the pupal duration due to treatment.
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3.2.C. Effect on pupal weight:
Generally, the average weight of pupae obtained from C. inerme fed
larvae were less than those resulted from the control larvae and the larval
treatment in the 2 nd instar lead to pupae less in weight than those resulted
from larval treatment in the 4 th instar (282-352 mg . in the fromer case
opposed to 289-382 mg. pupa in the latter one) ,opposed to 416 ± 0.2 mg. for
the control pupa.
3.2 .. D. Effect on pupation:
The mean percentages of normally formed pupae varied amongst
pupae from different treatments being 32-840/0 normal pupae from larvae
treated in their 2 nd instar and 38-88% from larvae treated at their 4 th instar
at zero time and after 9 days of applicationjrespectively opposed to 92 and
94% pupation from the untreated larvae.
~.E. Effect on Adults’ emergence:
C. inerme was caused reduction III the percentages of adults’
emergence (37.5-90.50/0 and 47.4-93.6% by treatment of the 2 nd and 4 th
instar larvae just after applicationjrespectively .
3.J ·.F. Deformations amongst different stages:
More deformation percentages were recorded amongst the treated
larvae (2-18 and 0.0-8.00/0) than amongst the resultant pupae (0.0-12 and
6.00/0) and adults (2.0-14.0 and 0.0-10.0%) due to larval treatment in the 2 nd
and 4 th instars, respectively.
3.3. ~.G. Effect on the resultant adults:
C. inerme treatment caused shortened life-span and decreased
fecundity than control Adults resulted from treated larvae lived for 7.3 days
(at zero time) to 9.4 days (by larval treatment after 9 days of application) in
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case of males and for 6.7-8.9 days, respectively in case of females resulted
from 2 nd instar larval treatment, while the respective longevities of males
and females resulted after 4 th instar larval treatment were 7.4-9.6 and 7.0-8.8
days opposed to 9.8 and 8.9 days, respectively in case of the control moths.
The Female moths which resulted from larval treatment deposited
fewer number of eggs that ranged from 154 to 242 eggs / female by 2 nd
instar larval treatment at zero time and after 9 days of the field application,
respectively opposed to mean of 310 eggs / control female, while the number
of eggs ranged from 163 to 265 eggs, respectively / female by 4 th instar
larval treatment, opposed to 315 eggs / female control. Also, the hatchability
percentages were reduced due to larval treatment (27-570/0 and 29-710/0 in
cases of 2 nd and 4 th instar larval treatment, respectively compared to 90-
91% hatching from normally developed females from untreated larvae.