الفهرس 
التحليل الاحصائى للعينةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
At the lest thirteen years of the last century, pesticides
tecumo tho main method of pest control. The moun percentages of
J11:~1.(i 10:30 JlE!!!rrly, by pests in case of wheat trice t maize, vegetable s,
f::::uitsand cotton were 39, 33, 37, 22, 24 and 33%, respect1vel”y.
The price of pesticides used per year is more. than 100
l:~i].l;Lon dolar. Egypt imports several hundreds metric tons of
r11 Er~:l(~:::’deseach year, bei.ng 2143 tons in 1952/1953 and Lncr-eafit;
t[ to 35259 tons in 1972 and decreased to 18778 tons in 1982.
About 70% of these quantities is used to control cotton pests,
(I~g~~ptcultivates about 1.2 million feddan of cotton )aceording
tc its economic importan.ce as a strategic crop.
The percentage of losSes in the main crops in Egypt is
about 60 million Egyptian pound per year • About one half of
these losses is due to the infestation of cotton with cotton
:Leaf’ worms and bollworms •
The main almof this thesis is to study the side effects
of pesticides, how to solve this probleme and the economic use
.of these pesticides to determine the best method of their control
to attain the highest benifit for the Egyptian Farmer.
Methods of pest oontrol :
I - The natural control :
The natural factors that affect the natural balaace between
the environment and the pests, i.e. the atmospheric factors
( temperature, relative humidity, Wind, atmosphoric pressure,
light, y.ain••• etc), the biological enemies (parasites, predaceous
insects and i~ected microorganisms), topographic
factors (deserts, mountains, sees, oceans, soil types).
2 - The applied control :
The man plays a director role for this method of control.
lIe uses all the available methods of control as follows :-
A) Manual and mechanical control •
b) Legally methods : i.e. stopping berseem irrigation after
10 may in Egypt and treating the cotton seeds with high
temperature to kill the pink bollworms •
c) Biological control: By increasing the predaeeous,the
parasitic enemies of the pest in the environment by
rearing or importing these enemies (i.e. bacteria, rungi)’
protozoa, virus;;.parasitic and predaceous insects, birds,
fishe s ••• et·C )
d) Chemical control : - By using Insecticides, herbicides
e~d fungicides. These pesticides are inorganic or organic
compounds. The 1norgandc compounds are arsenic, sulphur
end florina compounds ••• etc) • The Organic compounds
can be divided into several groups, : organochlorine pesticides,
organoposphorous pesticides. nitrophenols. carab~
Bte pesticides, pyrethroids, and organic pesticides
from plant sources. These pesticides can be used as suspensions
or emulsions or true solutions. These formulations
oan be used by several types of sprayers, 1.e. Aeroplane
er motors.
Pesticides assess in F:xpt I
This part concerned with the development of pesticide uses
.for pest control in Egypt in the period from 1952/1953 to 1981/1982.
It indicated that the quantit7 of pesticides used increased in the
’~riod f’rGm 1952/1953 to 1911/1972 and decreased in the period from
;1972/1973 to 198111982 • Results also indicated that the mean decrease
/year in the use of p.-ticides in the period from 1969 to
1980 is 6.05% • This decrease is highly significant to the level
0.01. While the percentage of inc~aase in fungicides uses was 7.98%
at the same period and this increase was significant at the level
·0.05 • There was also a yearly increase in herbicides use. This
in.ctrease was 17 .83~ being highly significant to the level 0.01 •
~~hestatistica.l study of the time series of the real
pricen per ton of pesticides during the period (1970 - 1980)
s110wed that the average increase of the price per ton
I’f:a-chEl~l L•.E. 38.469, vlith an annual increase of about 5.4%
,rtthin this period •
~~hedemand function of pesticides use for pest control
Ln Egypt was estimated during the period{I970 - 1980). Annual
f1uct’~mtions of quantity demanded could be explained by the
nonnequanf variability of real prices per tcno and timo fllCtor.
Coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.098. Price elasi;
ici1;~r &r’Jl.nual demand for pesticides was about(O.056).
D:!topp:lng time factor, and re-estimate this c,emand function
also revealed that the coefficient of determination (R2) was
(0.018) and price elasticity was (O.098).~his means that not
only prices were the determinant factor of quantity demanded
mlt also area cultivated of different crops and the degree of
infestation.
It is expected that the quantity consumed of pesticides
in Egypt Will reach I7173, 13957,10142,6326 tons in 1985,1990,
1995 and 2000, respec·~ively.
The S~le of study was taken from one village (Batta) in - -
Banha district and the number of 1nd1v1duals(4J).were taken trom
all five olass !Lrea of holders,which were cultivated bY’ oott ••
for tw. seasons(I977 and 1980) ~
..•.
With regard to the economic stud~ of the different methods
of spray1Dg pesticides to cotton cultivatlC?n aeroplanes and 1011’
or high volume sprayers, the study indioated that the revenue
per teddan of using aeroplane in the second deg~ee at s011 ferti11~
was the highest one followed by first degree by using motor sprayers,
thi~ d8~e with motor sprayers, third degree with
aeroplane first degree with aeroplane and Beco~d degree by us~
moter .sprayers, respectively, in the sample of study in
kalubia Governorate •
c) Fruits, vegEite.bles and other field crops.
d) Meat, milk, eggs and fat.
e) Air.
f) Water.
g) Human health.
2 Indirect side effocts :
A) Appearance of Secondary pests •
b) Effect of natural enemies and pollinators and honey
bees.
c) Appearance of resistant strains of the pests.
for the economic use of 28sticides :
I - The use of ovicides to decrease the price of collecting
egg masses •
2 - The use of parasitic and predaceous insecta to control
posts •
:~ - ~-:heuse of remote sensing technique to determine the
infested areas •
4 - Decr-ea.af ng the use of pesticides by using the sex attractants,
repellents, antifeedants, sterilizing materials,
hormones, and biological control •