الفهرس 
STEM CELLSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells (ES), which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells (these are called pluripotent cells), but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues. Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves through cell culture.
There are three sources of autologous adult stem cells: 1) Bone marrow, which requires extraction by harvesting, that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest), 2) Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction, and 3) Blood, which requires extraction through pheresis, where the blood is drawn from the donor, (similar to a blood donation) passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Medical researchers believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human disease. A number of adult stem cell therapies already exist, particularly bone marrow transplants that are used to treat leukemia. In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases including cancer, heart damage, baldness, haematopoiesis, deafness, blindness and vision impairment, diabetes, orthopaedics, wound healing, infertility, muscle damage and some neurological disorders amongst a number of other impairments and conditions. However, there still exists a great deal of social and scientific uncertainty surrounding stem cell research, which could possibly be overcome through public debate and future research, and further education of the public. The neurological disorders are classified according to the type of cell lost into destructive and degenerative as follow :
Neurological Disorders Involve The Loss Of Particular Cell Types In The Nervous System
Spinal cord injury and stroke (loss of nerve cells and myelin-forming oligodendrocytes).
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Parkinson’s Disease (loss of dopamine-containing nerve cells in the brainstem).
Huntington’s Disease (loss of nerve cells in the striatum).
Alzheimer’s Disease (loss of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex).
Multiple Sclerosis (loss of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes).
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -ALS (loss of motor neurons from the spinal cord).