الفهرس 
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Abstract
exposed to immediate loading after the gingival former screwed to the implants. This study revealed the following results:
1. During the first three months, both splinting and time factors had no effect on crevicular depth or bone height changes.
2. During the other two time intervals (after six months and after one year of implant insertion) there was statistical significant differences between groups as related to the mean crevicular depth changes the non splinting group had the higher effect than the splinting group while there
was statistical insignificant differences between groups as related to bone height changes.
3. With time, there was an increase in crevicular depth and decrease in bone height in both groups.
Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that:
1. Soft loading of implants supporting mandibular overdentures is better than hard loading.
2. Observation of crevicular depth or bone height changes might be not recommended during the first three months and evaluation might be recommended to start six months after implant insertion and three months after hard loading.
3. Although, there was insignificant difference between groups as related to bone height changes, the splinting of ball abutments with bar attachment might be recom-mended as the non-splinting with ball attachments recorded true pockets which might be considered a bad sign.