الفهرس 
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Abstract
nd conclusion
This study was carried out in the Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University which included 470 immunocompromised patients.
Four hundred seventy specimens were collected from different clinical samples including, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, tracheal aspirate, oral, urine and vaginal samples, they were collected from Zagazig and Benha University Hospitals.
Based on colonial morphology and biochemical characters, Candida species were identified. Samples showed Gram positive budding yeast cells and pseudohyphae were identified as positive samples. On appropriate media, sabouraud dextrose chloramphenicol agar, small, creamy, smooth, moist, raised colonies, and with yeasty odour were considered the suspected colonies of Candida. On oxoid chrmogenic Candida agar medium, selective and differential medium, Candida species grow well, and the colonies showed green color identified as Candida albicans (32 isolates), they were germ tube positive. Dry irregular, brown pink colonies were identified as Candida krusei (46 isolates), they were germ tube negative. Beige yellow colonies were identified as Candida glabrata (46 isolates), they were germ tube negative. Finally dark blue colonies were identified as Candida tropicalis (7 isolates), they were germ tube negative.
A total of 131 Candida isolates were identified among the 470 clinical samples (435 samples were collected from Zagazig University Hospitals and 35 samples were collected from Benha University Hospitals).
Antifungal susceptibility testing of 131 clinical isolates against four antifungal agents, amphotericin B, voriconazole, terbinafine and fluconazole were carried out by disk diffusion method and agar dilution method. Twenty five isolates (19.1%) were resistant toamphotericin B, 32 (24.4%) showed resistance to terbinafine, 49 (37.4%) showed resistance to voriconazole, and 47 (53.9%) isolates showed resistance to fluconazole. Candida albicans showed the highest rate of resistance to amphotericin B and voriconazole (34.5% and 65.6%); respectively. Candida krusei showed the highest resistant to terbinafine (37%), while Candida albicans and Candida krusei revealed the same rate of resistance to fluconazole (56.2%) for each of them.
All 131 isolates of Candida species were subjected to genotyping analysis by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to assess the relative genomic relatedness of the strains.
The RAPD fingerprinting band profiles of isolates were determined and the sizes of all bands were ranged from 200 to 400 bp.
The investigation revealed that low genetic relatedness was observed among the intraspecies isolates of Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis from Zagazig University Hospitals.
In addition, the genetic relatedness was low among the intraspecies isolates of Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis obtained from Benha University Hospitals.
Similarly, the interspecies differences were high when the RAPD profiles of Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were compared.