الفهرس 
Physiological & Anatomical Considerations inPediatricsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Ultrasonography is a rapidly rising and promising technology invading the regional anaesthetic field, as direct visualization of the nerves and surrounding structures improves the outcome of most techniques regarding efficacy and limitation of complications, especially in pediatric patients due to small field, difficult surface anatomical markings and tiny small structures.
The study of the physical principles and the mechanism of action of the sound and the ultrasound waves make the usage of the ultrasound unit much easier and also help the user to choose the proper ultrasonographic tools for the purpose needed.
For conduction of safe regional anaesthesia in pediatrics it is essential to study the anatomical and physiological characteristics of pediatrics as well as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity of local anesthetic drugs to be able to administer the adequate dose and be aware of signs and symptoms of toxicity for early diagnosis and management.
Different techniques that have been proposed for peripheral nerve blocks which involve the blocks for the upper limb, lower limb and abdominal wall as well as for neuroaxial blocks which provide intraoperative anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia in pediatrics; are becoming more easly and effectively performed using the ultrasound technology.