الفهرس 
Anatomy of the globeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In this essay a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the eye and orbit and its contents were discussed.Basic knowledge of the anatomy of the orbit and its contents is necessary for the successful performance of anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery
In the past, general anesthesia was the most common method of anesthesia in eye surgery; regional anesthesia has begun to take the upper hand since the beginning of the twentieth century as a result of increased day-case surgery and out patient surgery with the evolution of many different methods of local anesthesia.
Local anesthesia is currently performed for many ophthalmic procedures as it is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality when compared with general anesthesia. Additional benefits include early patient mobilization, improved patient satisfaction and reduced hospital stay.
A full detailed discussion is given of the local anesthetics and their adjuvant, ophthalmic medications, and anesthetic drugs
Preoperative patient preparation includes the psychological preparation, the preoperative assessment, review of preoperative tests, optimization of medical conditions, adequate preoperative fasting, appropriate premedication, and the explanation of anesthetic risk to patients.
Regional anesthesia for eye surgery usually consists of a regional block, a facial nerve block, and intravenous sedation. Many techniques are used nowadays for local ophthalmic anesthesia namely, peribulbar, retrobulbar, prolonged peribulbar anesthesia with indwelling catheter, sub-conjunctival, sub-Tenon’s and topical corneo-conjunctival blocks, topical plus intra ocular anesthesia, deep topical anesthesia, local anesthesia for lacrimal surgery, isolated nerve block such as supratrochlear nerve, Supraorbital nerve, frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, nasociliary nerve, infraorbital nerve, and percuteneous anesthesia.
Orbital injections are occasionally associated with serious sight or even life-threatening complications.
Minor complications include pain on injection, chemosis, ecchymosis, visual perceptions and inadequate akinesia while major complications include globe damage, optic nerve injury, central spread of anesthesia and hemorrhage
Single injection technique is a simple and satisfactory alternative approach for ocular regional anesthesia. The advantages include decreased pain with percutaneous and short needle insertion,decreased volume of anesthetic, single rather than multiple punctures