الفهرس 
Nerve supply of special organs of headOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Many procedures can be performed with the use of local anesthetic alone, instilled at or near the site of surgery. Local infiltration is also technically easy to perform and requires minimal postoperative care. Together, these factors contribute to its popularity and nearly ubiquitous application as a means of anesthesia for small minimally invasive procedures and operations. This technique is relatively safe as well, but does require an understanding of basic local anesthetic pharmacology, especially with respect to dosing and toxicity, as well as skill for successful application.
Regional anesthetic techniques have a well established role in head and neck surgery. Successful anesthesia and analgesia for a number of procedures can be accomplished with the proper application of these techniques. For example, regional blocks can be utilized during procedures such as endoscopic sinus surgery, facial plastic surgery, thyroidectomy, and parathyroidectomy surgery. Various ear nose and throat procedures are increasingly being performed in an office-based setting. These are often done using topical anesthesia of the airway or regional blockade. Because of the close proximity of many nerve and vascular structures in this region, practitioners should be familiar with possible complications of these techniques and means to prevent and treat them. I reviewed the anatomy relevant to regional blocks of the head and neck and highlighted examples for use of each technique in current practice.
Effective regional block is not possible without the use of local anesthetics. Even though local anesthetics have been used for more than 115 years, details about balancing risks of their toxic effects with the benefits of their therapeutic effects remain poorly focused for many clinicians. The most frequent toxic effect of local anesthetics – local anesthetic systemic toxicity – was covered, as will the less-frequent clinical situations of allergy to local anesthetics and myelotoxicity.