الفهرس 
Developmental PhysiologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
• Newborn infant experiences pain similarly and probably more than older children so our target is to control and abolish this pain to decrease surgical stress responses which leads to: catabolic responses, adverse circulatory and respiratory events.
• Also one of the most important steps of minimizing intraoperative pain is avoiding unnecessary laboratory studies and inappropriate long periods of nothing per oss to minimize patient discomfort and decrease anxiety.
• Careful attention must be given to the choice of anesthetic agents and dosing of such agents in the neonatal population. Ongoing maturational changes in the renal and hepatobiliary systems, which occur during the first 30 days of life, will affect the metabolism and elimination of many anesthetic agents.
• Before the late 1980s and early 1990s, a common belief was that neonates experienced no pain or less pain than adults, children, or infants who underwent similar surgical procedures. A healthcare provider who believes that neonates feel little pain tends to observe few clinical signs of pain in neonates. Furthermore, such practitioners tend to believe that narcotic administration is associated with increased risk in neonates. Although these practitioners may administer narcotic analgesics, they frequently use nonaggressive intervention and sub-therapeutic regimens in preverbal patients compared with adults.