الفهرس 
Introduction and Review of LiteraturesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a common disease with high morbidity and mortality. Dysfunction and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells is the most common injury in chronic renal failure. Anti-thymocyte 1 antibody (Anti-Thy1) is one of the most heavily glycosylated membrane proteins with a carbohydrate content up to 30% of its molecular mass. Anti-Thy1 glomerulonephritis is a model of mesengioproliferation nephritis induced by complement dependent immunemediated mesangial injury. chronic exposure to Anti-Thy 1 was found to Cause histopathological features such as, hypertrophoid glomeruli, adhesion between the glomerular tuft and Bowman’s capsule,intertubular lecucocytic, infiltration and fibrosis. Stem cell therapy holds great promise for the repair of injured tissue and organs, including the kidney which is characterized by their capacity or long-term self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into specialized issue types. They are found in adult and embryonic tissue and have potential uses in therapies designed to repair and regenerate organs. The kidney has an inherent ability for recovery and regeneration following acute damage. Bone marrow can give new mesangial cells which differentiated into vascule / endothelial and myocardial cells after intravenous injection in a rat model. The present work was aimed to study the effects of mesenchymal stem cells on the glomerulonephritis disease induced by Anti-Thy 1 antibody in albino rats through histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, biochemical and molecular studies. 80 Summary Animals were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group (1): Female rats were served as normal control. Group (2): Animals were injected with anti-Thy1 in tail vein. Group (3): Animals were injected with anti-Thy1 in tail vein,. After 5 days each animals were treated with MSCs (were extracted from male albino rats) in intravenous for 28 days. Group (4): Animals were injected with anti-Thy1. After 5 days each animals were treated with MSCs by intra-renal injection. Animals from experimental group were sacrificed immediately after 28 days, kidney quickly removed and fixed in 10% in formalin . Paraffin sections were prepared and studied by either haematoxylin or counter stained with eosin for histophathological examination. For histochemical purposes, carbohydrates were demonstrated by periodic acid schiff’s (PAS) technique while total proteins were demonstrated by mercury bromophenol blue method. For immunohistochemical studied, paraffine embedded tissue sections were stained using the avidin biotin peroxidase method to stain the area of -SMA positive and analysis of BAX expression . For biochemical studies, blood specimen was taken from rats to measure the levels of creatinine and urea. For molecular studies, genomic DNA was prepared from kidney tissues homogenate of the rats in each group to detect the presence or absence of the sex determination region on the Y chromosome male (SRY) gene in recipient female rats by PCR technique. DNA damage induced by anti-Thy1 and the effect of MSCs injection were asso recorded. 81 Summary The results can be summarized as follows: A-Biochemical results: The levels of urea and creatinine were significantly elevated in animals treated with anti-Thy1 compared with the normal animals. Treated animals with MSCs in intravenouse and intr-renal injection induced a significant decrease compared with anti-Thy1 animals. B-Histological observations: Animals injected with anti-Thy 1 displayed many histopathological features. The glomeruli were hypertrophoid with pyknotic nuclei. Some sort of adhesion was noted between the glomerular tuft and Bowman’s corpuscle. The renal blood vessels appeared elongated and congested. Intertubular leucocytic infiltration was evident. Treating animals with MSCs showed somewhat healthy appearance as the kidney tissue displayed some improvement in the histological changes. The inflammatory cells were reduced and hypertrophoid glomeruli were absent. Bowman’s corpuscle was generally appeared in circular shape. C- Histochemicals Observations: 1-Total carbohydrates: Examination of kidney section after anti-Thy1 injection revealed a marked reduction of carbohydrates content in the cells of proximal and distal tubules. Treating animals with I.R. MSCs induced a marked increase in carbohydrates in renal corpuscles and tubules compared with animals treated with intravenous injection by MSCs which showed a little improvement in carbohydrates content 2-Total protein: Examination of kidney sections of animals injected by anti-Thy1 showed marked decrease in total proteins, degenerated in renal tubules and most of them appeared devoid of proteins. Moderated amount of total proteins were observed in glomeruli and renal tubules of animals treated with intravenous MSCs. Treating rats with I.R. MSCs showed an increase in proteins content in renal corpuscles and renal tubules. D- Immunohistochemical Results: 1- -SMA: An expression of -SMA positive interstitial fibroblastic cells was recorded in the kidneys of anti-Thy1 animals. Treatment with I.V. MSCs reduced interstitial expression of -SMA. However, animals treated with I.R.MSCs showed decrease of -SMA expression. 2- Bax Expression: Animals injected with anti-Thy 1 showed high expression of bax in the cytoplasm of the renal tubules. Rats treated with MSCs I.V showed BAX expression in some tubules. In I.R.MSCs treated animals observed a few BAX expressions in the tubules. E- Molecular analysis: 1-PCR analysis of SRY gene: Control animals and animals injected with Anti-Thy1 showed negative SRY gene. On the other hand, rats treated with Anti-thy 1 and given intravenous and intra-renal MSCs showed positive SRY gene. 2-DNA fragmentation: Administration of anti-Thy1 lead to DNA fragmentation and apoptotic bands In I.V. MSCs there was a decrease in DNA fragmentation. High improvement was recorded in animals given intra-renal injection of MSCs. In conclusion it was found that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ameliorated the anti-Thy1 glomerulonephritis induced by complement dependent-immunemediated mesangial injury. The histological, biochemical, histochemical, and molecular changes induced by anti-Thy1 was improved.