الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Metamaterials (MTMs) are broadly defined as artificial composite materials
specifically engineered to produce desi/ed unusual electromagnetic properties not readily
available in nature. The most interesting unusual property achievable with MTMs is
probably their negative refraction index, which is achieved when both the permittivity and
the permeability of a medium are negative. Such structures are also referred to as left-
handed media (LHM). from the first evidences in the early 2000’s showing that materials
with a negative refractive index were indeed physically realizable.
A Higher focusing reso.lution is provided by a flat Meta-lens compared to convex
dielectric lens. High-resolution for target detection and ~maging with the flat Meta-lens can
be implemented by scanning the focal spot in the region under detection and screening the
field intensity distribution of backscattered microwave (MW) refocused by the flat Meta-
lens. Moreover, almost unique imaging resolution for the detection and imaging of target at
different depths is also demonstrated.
An estimated 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer across the world in
20 II. Lung cancer continued to be the most common cancer diagnosed in men worldwide
(accounting for 12.8% of all new cases), and breast cancer was.by far the most common
cancer diagnosed in women (23.2% of all new cases). Breast cancer is the most common
cause of death from cancer in women worldwide, responsible for almost 481,049 deaths in
20 II. Early detection of breast cancer save many thousands of I ives each year, the early
detection of breast cancer improves the chances that breast cancer can be diagnosed at an
early stage and treated successfully.
While breast cancer is a global issue, in Egypt, the figure for people suffering from
breast cancer is alarming. According to official statistics of the National Cancer Institute
(Cairo University), breast cancer accounts for 35.1 % of the cases of cancer in Egypt and is
the most prevalent cancer among Egyptian women. In Egypt, the median age at diagnosis
for breast cancer is ten years younger than in the United States and Europe.
The goal of this work is to develop a MW imaging system using a
3D Meta-lens able to reconstruct images of breast and detect tumors.
An overview of metamaterials classifications, definitions and application, with a
review on the previous work and brief history of metamaterials is presented. Moreover it
presents a summary about the theoretical background of LHM, electromagnetic wave (EW)
theory, and negative refraction. Also, overview of Phase velocity, group velocity, reversal
snell’s law and energy velocity is presented.
A comprehensive novel realization procedure for a proposed 3D-LHM (3D Meta-
lens) for perfect focusing is presented. The perfect focusing achieved by a fully controlled
focus spot generated in LHM side of3D Meta-lens.
A proposed novel MW imaging method for early detection of breast cancer using a
3D Meta-lens is presented. It offers a High-resolution for detection and imaging, scanning a
focal spot of the proposed 3D Meta-lens in- the area under detection and -v reening the
backscattered MW refocused by the 3D Meta-lens. The proposed system showed that
tumors as small as I mm can be clearly detected due changes In their dielectric properties,
which show a distinguished contrast from the surrounding normal breast tissue.
A new MW imaging technique based on MTM is introduced for early detection of
breast cancer in depth, using the proposed 3D Metamaterial lens array (3D-MLA) which
offer a High-resolution for detection and imaging, scanning a merged focal spot of area
under detection and screening the backscattered MW refocused by the proposed 3D-MLA,
Also, a proposed multi layered breast model consists of three layers: skin, fat and
fibroglandular layers is presented.