الفهرس 
Anatomy of the anterior abdominal wallOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The history of abdominoplasty has taken many different routes from 110 years ago but has centainly evolved to be integral part of cosmetic surgery and body contouring and there are still more development on the way of newer techniques that have less blood loss and faster recovery
Acquired abdominal contour deformities can be the result of weight gain or fluctuations, aging, pregnancy, hormones, medications, lifestyle, and previous surgical incisions. Surgical correction is recommended for patients concerned about their abdominal contour when diet and exercise do not help.
Differences in underlying anatomy including body proportions, bony architecture, umbilical variations, hernias, scars, and treatable soft tissue regions are noted. The skin quality, degree of subcutaneous fat accumulation and extent of muscular diastasis or weakness are reviewed with the patient. After all these issues are considered, patients are then staged according to the abdominolipoplasty system of classification and treatmen
Liposuction plays an integral role in abdominal contouring procedures. Most patients presenting for abdominal contouring benefit from the concurrent use of liposuction. Whether liposuction is used to thin the abdominal flap, to contour adjacent areas such as the hips and thighs, or to contour the posterior trunk, it is indispensable in achieving an optimum aesthetic result. The goal of most body contouring procedures is not only to improve the contour and shape of the abdomen, but to achieve a smooth, flowing, harmonious contour by improving the overall silhouette and appearance of the region.
The umbilicus is the central focus of the abdomen and an important aesthetic component of the body. Despite anatomical variability among patients, as well as particular surgeon and patient preference, there is a general consensus as to the characteristics that add to the aesthetic beauty of an umbilicus as well as those that detract from it.
The endoscopic abdominoplasty is a new and attractive approach because it eliminates the scar left by the traditional or mini-abdominoplasty. All the authors agree that there are specific indications, as well as selected candidates, for this type of surgery .Appropriate candidates represent less than 5% of patients seeking body contouring. This procedure requires endoscopic instrumentation and the ability to perform endoscopically controlled suturing at a distance.
Patients who are good candidates for reverse abdominoplasty have skin laxity or poor skin quality in the upper half of the abdomen, or have a significant amount of soft-tissue redundancy in the upper half of the abdomen that will not be adequately addressed by a full abdominoplasty technique.
Various techniques have been described to treat the post bariatric condition. Some include belt lipectomy, lower body-lift, and circumferential torsoplasty. Circumferential abdominoplasty was initially described in 1961 by Gonzalez-Ulloa and used by Hunstad in body contouring for obese patients, but it has gained popularity recently in the era of bariatric surgery. thanks to the studies of Lockwood and Pascal-Le Louarn, technique in treatment of circumferential deformity following massive weight loss.
Complications following abdominoplasty can occur at any time with any patient despite adequate surgical technique and patient care. These problems may cause patient discomfort, delay recovery, require further surgery, or threaten the patient’s survival. The surgeon should be aware of the possible complications, their prevention, their timely diagnosis, and their treatment. The possible risks and complications must be discussed with the patient prior to surgery