الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work was done in Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University and Minia Oncology Center. The laboratory work was conducted at National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Alexandria. This was in the period from April 2009 to September 2010.
This work focused on detection of 3 drugs commonly used as pain killer namely morphine, fentanyl and tramadol. The detection was done in human hair and rat hair also, bone and bone marrow of rats.
The human part included 3 groups of hair samples taken from patients 7-10 days after receiving one of the tested drugs during or after surgical procedure. Each group included 10 hair samples in addition to control group from individual took no drugs.
The animal part of this study involved detection of each of these drugs in hair, bone and bone marrow. Four groups each of which composed of 10 rats, one is control received saline, second received morphine in a dose of 20mg/kg SC. The third and fourth group received fentanyl (60µg/kg IP) and tramadol (20mg/kg IP) respectively. Hair samples were collected from rats 10 days after injection.
As regard bone and bone marrow there were also, four groups of rats with same classifications and doses as in hair groups. The first group was scarified at once. The second and fourth groups were scarified after 1 hour from injection with the drugs. The third group was scarified after 20 minutes of fentanyl injection. Then bone marrow samples were taken from femur bones. Diaphysial bone samples from right and left femur were freezed until time of analysis.
Detection of the three drugs was done using HPLC after extraction. Hair was exposed first to alkaline digestion using phosphate buffer then extraction was done by a mixture of methylene chloride/isopropanol/heptane (50/17/33.v/v/v). Bone was exposed to demineralization by 3N HNO3 at room temperature. Then both bone and bone marrow samples were extracted with 20 ml CH2Cl2–isopropanol (9:1 v/v). Analysis of the drugs was done using HPLC with ultraviolet detection.
All control groups gave negative results, while all other samples gave positive results. In human hair samples morphine concentrations were 20-123 pg/mg. Fentanyl and tramadol concentrations were 0.6-1.3 and 1.23-4.23ng/mg respectively.
Rat hair samples gave results of 0.03-0.53, 1.9-6.20 and 1.27-3.92ng/mg for morphine, fentanyl and tramadol respectively. In bone morphine concentration was 4.39 to 12.31ng/mg while in bone marrow; it was 9.31 to 31.20ng/mg. Fentanyl in bone was ranged from 5.35 to 22.36ng/mg while in bone marrow 18.22 to 53.49ng/mg. lastly tramadol concentration in bone was 9.6 to 21.6ng/mg and in bone marrow 22.62 to 51.31ng/mg.