الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Regional anesthesia is an important sector of pediatric anesthesia. But it have been considered challenging due to targeting neural structures that often course very close to critical structures and the need for limiting the volume of local anesthetic below toxic levels. So, one of the most recent advances in pediatric regional anesthesia is the introduction of ultrasound imaging for facilitating nerve localization.
What ultrasound can bring to regional anesthesia is a number of potential advantages: direct observation of nerves; direct observation of surrounding structures, direct observation of LA deposition and spread ; a decrease in complications; faster onset of block; longer duration of block ; improved block quality ; and decreased dose of LA.
The frequency of US waves used is selected dependent on the structures that need to be visualized. As there is an inversely proportional relationship between them. There are two plans of needle orientation, out-of-plane alignment in which the needle is perpendicular to the US beam and in-plane alignment which is parallel to the beam.
Many papers have illustrated the techniques for the peripheral nerve blocks in the pediatric patients with the use of ultra-sound guidance including( Upper extremity nerve blocks, Lower extremity nerve blocks and Anterior trunk nerve blocks)