الفهرس 
Nasal cavityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The paranasal sinuses are made up of the anteriorly draining group: the maxillary, anterior ethmoid, and frontal sinuses; and the posteriorly draining group: the posterior ethmoid and the sphenoid sinuses. It is widely appreciated that the nose acts in order to provide air conditioning and humidification of the inhaled air, as well as a protective function through the mucociliary escalator and through filtration and the secretion of lysozymes and immunoglobulins. Chronic rhinosinusitis is one of the most common diseases, causing significant morbidity and resulting in great financial cost. Multiple theories have been advanced regarding the underlying pathogenesis including allergy, microbial pathogens, disturbances in mucociliary transport, genetic predisposition and structural anomalies. Recently, other theories have been introduced. These theories include osteitis and the role of nasal nitric oxide in CRS. Bacteria and fungi possess a number of mechanisms for both the evasion and modulation of host immune responses, including the formation of biofilms and the production of superantigens. Fungal rhinosinusitis is a spectrum of pathologic conditions associated with sinonasal inflammation that is related to the presence of fungi. Fungal rhinosinusitis is classified into two major groups: noninvasive and invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Fungal rhinosinusitis is a distinct pathologic entity with certain clinical behavior and therapeutic concepts. Allergic rhinosinusitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa that is triggered by an IgE-mediated type I immunologic response that occurs in a patient who has the genetic predisposition to develop this type of immune response (atopy), and who has been sensitized to specific substances (antigens) that can provoke a hypersensitivity-type response. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition have led to some promising therapeutic developments, particularly in respect to topical treatments and endoscopic sinus surgery. Despite improvements in therapy, CRS remains a challenging condition to manage.