الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in October 1990 and a completed in 2003.
All humans have unique gene sequences. Therefore the data published by the HGP does not represent the exact sequence of every individual’s genome. The HGP is a scaffold for another work (the HapMap) which identifies differences among individuals (single-nucleotide polymorphisms).
Populations have in common 99% of their genome, but the 1% difference is crucial because it harbours the base changes that are associated with a predisposition to pathological state and determine the individual’s susceptibility to a range of common diseases including cancer.
Methodological advances in molecular biology and Next-generation DNA sequencing platforms have facilitated the study of genetic variation due to single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Many research studies in human genetics discovered associations between SNPs or haplotypes and cancer risk.