الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometres in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Almost every area of human activity will be affected by future nanotechnologies, and this is a small sampling of research likely to result in practical applications within the next 15 years as new drugs for cancer treatments, military applications, programmed biology and energy generation and use.
Toxicity of nanoparticles varies according characteristics of the particles and rout of exposure: factors related to the particles as size, surface area, shape, solubility and physicochemical properties, also the rout of exposure affects the resultant damage. Hazard reduction should be regarding three issues: hazard reduction during nanoparticle manufacture, hazard reduction for products with inherently dispersive nanoparticles and hazard reduction when nanoparticles are fixed in products. To control exposure, we need engineering measures, safe work practices and personal protective equipment, but much research is still needed especially in the issues of hazards as literature is still deficient.