الفهرس 
Chapter I : IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Due to the dangerous effect of OA on brides, our study aimed to investigate the effect of OA on quail production and immunostatus and aimed to control the toxin effects by using dry yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.
Ochratoxin A was prepared in the lab and its amount was determinate by monoclonal antibodies and uses the florometer to insure that the OA is the only toxin found in the solution.
Two hundred and forty 20 days old Japanese quail were used in this study and divided into 8 groups each group contain 30 quail and each group is subdivided into 3 subgroups each one contain 10 birds. All quails were weighted every week and we take the mean weight for each group and mean weight was recorded.
Experiment design:
(1) The first group: fed quail ration without any treatment and receive no vaccination (control group).
(2) The second group: dry yeast added to ration with 2gm/1kg feed from the first day of experiment.
(3) The third group: fed ration with no treatment but vaccinated at 23 day of age by LaSota vaccine.
(4) The fourth group: fed ration contain dry yeast 2 gm/1kg feed from first day of the experiment and vaccinated by eye DROPping with LaSota vaccine.
(5) The fifth group: fed ration contain 16.5 mg/kg ration from the first day of the experiment.
(6) The six group: fed ration contain OA 16.5 mg/kg ration from the first day of the experiment and vaccinated with LaSota vaccine by eye DROPping at the third day from beginning of the experiment.
(7) The seven group: fed ration contain 16.5 mg/kg ration OA and dry yeast 2gm/1kg from the first day.
(8) The eight group: fed ration with OA 16.5 mg/kg ration and dry yeast 2gm/1kg ration from the first day of the experiment and vaccinated with LaSota by eye DROPping in the third day of the experiment.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of OA on quail performance and immunity to other infectious diseases and the role of dray yeast for minimizing the effect of OA in:
(1) Signs, PM & body weight and histopathological lesions.
(2) Cellular and humeral immunity.
(A) Cell mediates immunity by:
(a) Determination of total leucocytes counts.
(b) Determination of differential leucocytes counts.
(c) Measurement of cellular immune function:
1) Phagocytic activity percent.
2) Bacterial killing cell percent.
3) Lymphocytes Stimulation Index by specific mitogen pH. A.
4) Lymphocytes Stimulation Index by non specific mitogen
(B) Measurement of humeral immune responses by:
(a) Heamagglutination Inhibition titer against Newcastle Disease Vaccine
(b) Biochemical measurements:
Determination of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin / globulin ratio and globulin fractions (α, β & ).
Results of this study showed a significant decrease in body weight in (OA) treaded group 5 (234.7 gm) in comparison with control group which showed (250 gm) and a significant increase in (Yeast) treated group 2 (268 gm) while groups 3 (NDv), 4 (NDv + Y), 6 (OA + NDv), 7 (OA+Y) and 8 (OA + NDv + Y) showed (250.9gm), (268gm), (238.8gm), (248gm) and (241gm) respectively.
The histopathological changes due to ochratoxicated ration showed degenerative changes in kidney, liver and spleen.
The total leucocytes count showed a significant decrease in numbers In group 5 (OA treated group) it was (25.53 x 103mm) and showed significant increase in group 2 yeast treated group (40.06 x 103 mm) than control group 1 (35.56 x 103 mm) while the results of other groups 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were (35.33 x 103mm), (40.43 x 103mm), (30.38 x 103mm), (34.83 x 103mm) and (35.56 x 103mm) respectively.
The effect of dietary OA on the heterophiles percent showed a significant increase in heterophiles % in (G5) (OA) Meanwhile, a significant decrease showed in (G2, G3, G4, G7 and G8) from 1st week till the end of experiment.
The effect of dietary OA on the monocytes % showed significant increase in the all groups from first week till the end of experiment than the control group.
The effect of dietary OA on the basophiles % showed a significant increase in (G5, G6 and G8) along the experiment (OA treated groups), but non significant change showed in (G2, G3, G4 and G7) from 1st week up till the end of experiment (ND and Yeast treated groups) than the control group.
The effect of dietary OA on the eosinophiles % showed a significant increase in (G4, G5, G6, G7 and G8) from first week up till the end of experiment than the control group, but non significant change showed in (G2 and G3) along the experiment.
The lymphocytes percent showed significant decrease in lymphocytes% in (G5 and G6) from 1st week till the end of experiment than the control group1.
Meanwhile, there was a significant increase in lymphocytes% in (G2, G3 and G4) which treated with yeast from 2nd week till the end of experiment, but non significant change in (G7 and G8) from 2nd week tills the end of experiment.
Bacterial killing cell% in group 5 showed significant decrease (61.5%), while in group2 showed significant increase (87%), than the control group 1 (78%), while other groups 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 the results were (88%), (89%), (87%), (71%), (70%), and (83.3%), respectively.
Phagocytic activity percent in group 5 showed significant decrease (61%) while in group 2 showed significant increase (90%) than the control group 1 (80%) while other groups 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 the results were (89%), (79%), (80%) and (84%) respectively.
The lymphocyte stimulation index by specific mitogen results showed that significant decrease in group 5 (61.5) and significant increase in group 2 (87) than the control group 1(78) while results of other groups 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were (88), (78), (71), (70) and (83.3), respectively.
The lymphocyte stimulation index by non specific mitogen results showed that significant decrease in group 5 (1.o4) and significant increase in group 2 (2.2) while it was (1.8) in control group 1 .In groups 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 it was (1.99), (2.3), (1.5), (1.62) and (1.82) respectively.
Group 6 which treated with OA and vaccinated with ND showed a decrease in antibody titer (0.67) than group 4 which vaccinated and treated with yeast (3.33) while group 3 vaccinated with ND only (2.66) while group 8 which treated with OA + ND + Y the result was (2.00).
Total serum protein showed a significant decrease in (OA) treated groups 5, 6 and 7 the result were (3.42g/dl), (3.78g/dl)) and (4.4g/dl) respectively in comparison to the control group 1 (4.55 g/dl) while yeast treated group (G2) showed a significant increase in TSP (4.9 g/dl) than the control one. While yeast and /or NDv treated groups (G3) (4.71g/dl) and (G4) (4.86 g/dl) showed a significant increase than the control one. Meanwhile (G8) (OA + NDv + Y) treated group showed non significant change (4.63g/dl).
Serum albumin showed significant increase in (OA) treated (G5) (2.13 g/dl) and (G6) (2.02 g/dl) and (G8) (2.02g/dl) than control (G1), while (G2) (1.89 g/dl) yeast treated group showed a significant decrease than control group (1.89g/dl).
Serum globulin showed significant decrease in group 5 ochratoxicated group (1.28g/dl) at 6 wk of age while it was increased in control group (2.59 g/dl) and while it was (3 g/dl) in group 2 yeast treated group and other results for groups 6 (OA + NDv + Y), 7 (OA+Y), 8 (OA + NDv + Y), 3 (NDv) and 4 (NDv + Y) were (1.73g/dl), (2.54g/dl), (2.7g/dl), (2.88g/dl) and (2.89g/dl) respectively.
The albumin/globulin ratio showed significant increase in group 5 (1.68) while it was (0.75) in control group. In group 2 it was (0.63) while in groups groups 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were (0.63), (0.68), (1.19), (0.72) and (0.77) respectively
The immunoglobulin fraction alpha-globulin showed a significant increase in OA treated group 5 (0.97g/dl) than the control group (0.89 g/dl) while in group 2 a significant decrease (0.53g/dl) at 6 wks while results of other groups 3 ND, 4 ND + Y, 6 OA + ND, 7 OA + Y and 8 OA + ND + Y were (0.79g/dl), (0.58g/dl), (0.91g/dl), (0.86g/dl) and (0.83g/dl) respectively.
The immunoglobulin fraction beta-globulin showed a significant decrease in OA treated groups 5 (0.60g/dl) than the control group (0.74 g/dl) while in group 2 a significant increase (1.02g/dl) at 6 wks while results of other groups 3 ND, 4 ND + Y, 6 OA + ND, 7 OA + Y and 8 OA + ND + Y were (0.92g/dl), (1.77g/dl), (0.74g/dl), (0.69g/dl) and (0.73g/dl) respectively.
The immunoglobulin fraction gamma-globulin showed a significant decrease in group 5 (0.17g/dl) while in group 2 a significant increase (1.45g/dl) at 6 wks than control group 1(0.96g/dl) while results of other groups 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were (1.13g/dl), (0.53g/dl), (0.13g/dl), (0.98g/dl) and (1.05g/dl) respectively.
In challenge test against very Velogenic, vscerotropic strain Newcastle disease vrus showed high mortality in non-vaccinated groups (1, 2, 5 and 7) reach 100%, meanwhile (G3) (vaccinated) showed 20% mortality; (G4) (vaccinated with Yeast) 10%; (G6) (vaccinated + OA) 40%; (G8) (vaccinated + OA + Yeast) 30%.
This study revealed that the OA is very toxic mycotoxins in quail production as it causes immunosuppressant effect which is the worst effect on performance. Addition of dray yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 2gm/1kg ration, decrease the risk of exposure to OA and improve both of the general health condition and immunostatus of quail.