الفهرس 
Poultry farms efficiencyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was carried out in different governorates that include EL-Kaliobia, EL-Dakahlia, Damietta and EL-Sharkia governorate for broiler farms, and EL-Kaliobia, EL-Mnofia, EL-Gharbia and Kafr EL-Elsheikh governorate for layer farms for years 2007-2009 to assess the effect of years, seasons, localities, diseases, densities, housing systems, and breeds within each of them on economic and productive efficiency of both broiler and layer farms, with special reference to the veterinary management which includes drugs, vaccines, disinfectants and veterinary supervision.
The data used in this research were collected from (200) random cycles of broiler farms (Hubbard , Cobb and Ross breeds) which included, number of one-day old chicks, feed consumption, marketing age, costs of production (building, equipments, feed, day old chicks, drugs, vaccines, disinfectants, veterinary supervision, litter, labour, fuel, electricity and miscellaneous), returns of production (broiler sales and litter sales), housing system (closed or opened), breeds, seasons and mortality rate, different densities, different disease infection pattern . While for the layer farms (33) random cycles (Bovan, Lohman brown and Balady) were, number of laying hens, feed consumption, different densities, different disease infection pattern, egg production traits (age at beginning of lay, total egg production), costs of production and returns (egg sales, hen sales and litter sales). The collected data were summarized / 100 birds then analyzed separately using computer statistical program (SPSS).
The results of the study are summarized as follow:
1- Broiler production:
Different years (2006 to 2008), seasons (winter and summer), different diseases (Coccidiosis, Gumboro and Chronic Respiratory Disease), different localities (EL-Kaliobia, EL-Dakahlia, Damietta and EL-Sharkia governorate), different densities (medium or high), housing systems (closed or opened) and the broiler breeds in each of them were found to have a significant effect on the variables affecting the economic and productive efficiency of broiler production, and these variables include:
1.1. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio:
The average feed consumption / 100 broilers was highest for year 2007, winter, Damietta, opened system, Coccidiosis infected farms and high density (386.54, 366.86, 380.33, 354.61, 376.89 and 356.41kg , respectively) ,while average feed conversion ratio was highest for year 2007 , summer , EL-Sharkia, closed system, Coccidiosis infected farms and medium density (2.43, 2.34, 2.47, 2.47, 2.48 and 2.33; respectively).
1.2. Production parameters:
The average marketing age was highest for year 2008, winter, Damietta, opened system, control farms and high density (41.05, 48.80, 54.73, 46.39, 45.48 and 46.79 days; respectively). The average body weight was highest for year 2008, winter, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro and CRD infected farms and high density (1.75, 1.72, 1.82, 1.72, 1.75 and 1.71kg; respectively). The total meat production was highest for years 2008, winter, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, CRD infected farms and high density (156.17, 157.82, 163.68, 156.48, 159.58 and 155.58kg; respectively).
The mortality percentage was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro infected farms and high density (7.85, 6.61, 10.19, 6.46, 10.67 and 6.59%; respectively).
1.3. Costs of production, total return and net return / 100 broilers:
The average total costs of production were highest for year 2007, summer, Damietta, opened system, Coccidiosis infected farms and high density (1362.71, 1387.76, 1414.52, 1372.22, 1422.13 and 1371.41LE; respectively).
The total return was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, CRD infected farms and high density (1968.03, 1987.83, 2059.01, 1972.22, 2010.37 and 1960.95 LE).
The net return was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro infected farms and medium density (652.97, 600.06, 685.59, 600.00, 662.07 and 611.11 LE; respectively).
The average cost from total veterinary management was highest for year 2008, winter, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro infected farms and high density (155.69, 137.56, 199.02, 141.44, 160.32 and 137.89 LE; respectively).
1.4. Efficiency measures of broiler production:
The average percentage of the total return to total costs (TC) was highest for year 2008,summer, EL-Dakahlia, opened system, control farms and high density (162.11, 166.27, 167.96, 158.78 , 168.28 and 158.85 %; respectively).
The average percentage of net return to TC was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Dakahlia, opened system, control farms and high density (62.11, 66.27, 67.96, 58.78, 68.28 and 58.85%; respectively).
Also, average percentage of total cost to variable cost was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro infected farms and high density (113.59, 112.30, 114.01, 112.66 , 114.17 and 112.58 %; respectively).
The average percentage of feed costs to TC was highest for year 2006, winter, EL-Sharkia, closed system, control farms and medium density (87.86, 79.45, 87.04, 87.04, 78.24 and 82.92 %; respectively).
The cost of live kg was highest for year 2008, summer, Damietta, opened system, Coccidiosis infected farms and medium density (8.99, 8.66, 9.12, 8.77, 9.35and 9.40LE; respectively), while the return of live kg was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Dakahlia, closed system, both control farms and Coccidiosis infected farms and medium density (12.61, 12.61, 12.61, 12.62, 12.61 and 12.61 LE; respectively). The net return / live kg was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Kaliobia, closed system, control farms and medium density (4.59, 3.95, 4.11, 4.10, 4.36 and 4.21 LE; respectively).
Moreover, the average cost of live kg from total veterinary management was highest for year 2008, both winter and summer seasons, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro infected farms and high density (0.99, 0.86, 1.22, 0.90, 1.04 and 0.89 LE; respectively).
The percentage of total veterinary management to TVC was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro infected farms and high density (14.27, 12.83, 16.53, 12.92, 15.36 and 12.70 %; respectively).
While the percentage of total veterinary management to TC was highest for year 2008, summer, EL-Kaliobia, opened system, Gumboro infected farms and high density (12.45, 11.17, 14.49, 11.29, 13.24 and 11.09 %; respectively).
1.5. Production functions of broiler :
The logarithmic production functions used to determine the major important variables that affect broiler production which were (starter, finisher, feed conversion, total feed, drugs, vaccines, disinfectants, veterinary supervision, total veterinary management and mortality percent), these function revealed that, about 95 % from the changes in meat production was attributed to the changes in these variables, and the broiler farms act in the 1st stage of production in which the total meat production increased by higher percentage than the increasing of production resources, as the total elasticity of production was about (+3.05), so it was larger than the unitary (1). Also, the total meat production had a direct relationship with the amount of feed consumed, total veterinary inputs used.
2- Layer production:
Different years (2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009) , different localities (EL-Kaliobia, EL-Mnofia, EL-Gharbia and Kafr EL-Elsheikh), different diseases (Coccidiosis, CRD, Gumboro, Mycotoxicosis , ILT) , different densities (High and medium), and the layer breeds in each of them were found to have a significant effect on the variables affecting the economic and productive efficiency of layer production, and these variables include:
2.1. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio:
The average feed consumption / 100 layers was highest for year 2008 and 2009, EL-Monofia, Lohman brown control breeds and high density (5420.0, 5440.0, 5964.93 and 5350.0 kg; respectively).
While, the average feed conversion ratio was highest for year 2007, EL-Kaliobia, Lohman brown control breeds and high density (2.42, 2.42, 2.49 and 2.42; respectively).
2.2. Production parameters:
The average age at beginning of lay was highest for year 2007, EL-Kaliobia, Lohman brown breeds infected with CRD and high density (145, 145, 145 and 145 day; respectively). Total eggs production was highest for year 2004, EL-Gharbia, Lohman brown breeds and Balady breeds infected with CRD and Mycotoxicosis and high density (1093.33, 1093.33, 1133.33 and 1093.33 eggs; respectively).
The mortality percentage was highest for year 2004, EL-Mnofia, Balady breeds infected with Mycotoxicosis and high density (11.80, 12.10, 12.25 and 11.80%; respectively).
2.3. Costs of production, total return and net return / 100 layers:
The average total costs of production were highest for year 2008, EL-Mnofia, Lohman brown breeds infected with CRD and medium density (12626.20, 12889.20, 13470.0 and 12524.49 LE; respectively).
The total return was highest for year 2008, EL-Kaliobia, Lohman brown breeds infected with ILT and medium density (19104.66, 18067.16, 18297.50 and 15972.72 LE; respectively).
The net return was highest for year 2008, EL-Kaliobia, Lohman brown breeds infected with ILT and medium density (6478.46, 5661.01, 5527.0 and 3448.23 LE; respectively).
The average cost from total veterinary management was highest for year 2009, Kafr EL-sheikh, Lohman brown control breeds and medium density (490.10, 519.00, 490.56 and 457.52 LE; respectively) .
2.4. Efficiency measures of layer production:
The average percentage of the total return to total costs (TC) was highest for year 2008 , EL-Kaliobia, Lohman brown infected with ILT and high density (151.38, 145.53, 143.27 and 129.41%; respectively) .
The average percentage of net return to TC was highest for year 2008, EL-Kaliobia, Lohman brown infected with ILT and high density (51.38, 45.53, 43.27 and 29.41%; respectively).
The average percentage of total cost to variable cost was highest for year 2004 ,EL-Gharbia, Lohman brown breeds infected with CRD and high density (102.65, 102.65, 102.98 and 102.65 %; respectively) .
The average percentage of feed costs to TC was highest for year 2007, EL-Kaliobia, Bovan breeds infected with Gumboro and medium density (92.90, 92.90, 93.49 and 92.90 %; respectively).
The cost of each egg carton from total veterinary management was highest for year 2003 , Kafr EL-sheikh, Lohman brown control breeds and medium density (0.55, 0.69, 0.55 and 0.49 LE; respectively) .
The percentage of total veterinary management to TVC was highest for year 2009 , Kafr EL-sheikh, Lohman brown control breeds and medium density (4.08, 4.35, 4.08 and 3.76 %; respectively). While the percentage of total veterinary management to TC was highest for year 2009, Kafr EL-sheikh, Lohman brown control breeds and medium density (4.02, 4.28, 4.01 and 3.69%; respectively) .
2.5 Production functions of layers
The logarithmic production functions of layers explained the major variables which affect the total egg production, these variables were (starter, finisher, layer1, layer2, layer3, feed conversion, total feed, drugs, vaccines, disinfectants, veterinary supervision, total veterinary management and mortality percent). The functions revealed that, about 89 % from the changes in egg production attributed to the changes in these variables, and the total elasticity of these variables was (+1.81), meaning that the layer farms in Egypt act in the 1st stage of production in which the egg production increased by higher percentage than the percentage of increasing the production resources.