الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is science that deals with visualization, characterization, production and manipulation of structures which are smaller than 100 nanometers (nm). Nanoparticles / Nanomaterials are considered to be the building blocks for nanotechnology, and are referred to particles /materials with one or more dimensions at the nanoscale, These particles originate from primary sources (natural sources, e.g. sea-air, volcanic ashes / pumicite) and / or secondary sources (artificial sources, such as. technical products and by-products, cigarette smoke, diesel engine exhaust, cutting and welding fumes, open fire). Engineered nanoparticles are intentionally engineered and produced with specific properties. Nanomaterials / nanoparticles possess novel properties and characteristics that differ from the same non-nanoscale materials.
Nanomaterials might be released everywhere (at the workplace, in the general environment, at home), affecting workers and/or consumers. Owing to the environmental uptake, nanomaterials might also affect the environment (soil, water, air, flora and fauna). The environmental contamination again might affect people’s health. There is a high possibility that human beings will be exposed to these nanoparticles through inhalation, dermal adsorption and digestion.
A consistent body of evidence shows that nano-sized particles are taken up by a wide variety of mammalian cell types & able to cross the cell membrane and become internalized. The uptake on nanoparticles is size-dependent. Within the cells nanoparticles are stored in certain locations (e.g. inside vesicles, mitochondria) and are able to exert a toxic response. The smaller the particle size, the more the ability to generate reactive oxygen species that play a major role in toxicity of nanoparticles. Thus, there is a need to understand the potential hazards of nanoparticles on human health and on other organisms, while the use of nanoparticles in various scientific researches and medical applications continues.
Nanotechnology is science that deals with visualization, characterization, production and manipulation of structures which are smaller than 100 nanometers (nm). Nanoparticles / Nanomaterials are considered to be the building blocks for nanotechnology, and are referred to particles /materials with one or more dimensions at the nanoscale, These particles originate from primary sources (natural sources, e.g. sea-air, volcanic ashes / pumicite) and / or secondary sources (artificial sources, such as. technical products and by-products, cigarette smoke, diesel engine exhaust, cutting and welding fumes, open fire). Engineered nanoparticles are intentionally engineered and produced with specific properties. Nanomaterials / nanoparticles possess novel properties and characteristics that differ from the same non-nanoscale materials.
Nanomaterials might be released everywhere (at the workplace, in the general environment, at home), affecting workers and/or consumers. Owing to the environmental uptake, nanomaterials might also affect the environment (soil, water, air, flora and fauna). The environmental contamination again might affect people’s health. There is a high possibility that human beings will be exposed to these nanoparticles through inhalation, dermal adsorption and digestion.
A consistent body of evidence shows that nano-sized particles are taken up by a wide variety of mammalian cell types & able to cross the cell membrane and become internalized. The uptake on nanoparticles is size-dependent. Within the cells nanoparticles are stored in certain locations (e.g. inside vesicles, mitochondria) and are able to exert a toxic response. The smaller the particle size, the more the ability to generate reactive oxygen species that play a major role in toxicity of nanoparticles. Thus, there is a need to understand the potential hazards of nanoparticles on human health and on other organisms, while the use of nanoparticles in various scientific researches and medical applications continues.