الفهرس 
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease produce significant extra pulmonary (systemic) manifestations including nutritional abnormalities, weight loss, skeletal muscle dysfunction, anemia and patients are at increased risk for myocardial infarction, osteoporosis, depression and sleep disorders (Hersh et al., 2004).
Fibrinogen is an acute-phase reactant and a blood-clotting factor, synthesized by hepatocytes, and released into the circulation in response to interleukin-6 (Gabay et al., 1999).
Aim of the Work:
To study plasma fibrinogen and serum interleukin-6 levels as biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response in patients with stable and exacerbation phases of COPD.
Subjects and Methods:
This study was conducted on 85 subjects; they were divided into three groups as follows:
Group A: Forty five stable COPD patients following up at chest out patient’s clinic of Ain Shams University with no history of exacerbations in last three months.
Group B: Twenty COPD patients admitted to chest ward with an acute exacerbation.
Group C: Twenty normal non smoker subjects representing control group
Patients were included in this study if they met the following:
• COPD diagnosis based on Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guideline, 2009.
• Able to perform acceptable spirometric maneuvers.
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients were excluded from this study if they met one of the following:
• Patients with concomitant diseases such as malignancy, infection other than respiratory tract infections,
• Patients with cardiac failure,
• Patients with severe endocrine disorder,
• Patients with hepatic or renal diseases,
• Patients with systemic autoimmune or connective tissue disorders.
• Patients with recent surgery and patients on regular anticoagulant and those receiving systemic corticosteroids.
All subjects included in the study were subjected to the following:
1- Full medical history.
2- Thorough clinical examination.
3- Plain Chest x-ray P-A view.
4- Spirometry.
5- Laboratory tests including; CBC, ESR, Renal functions, Liver functions, Fasting and 2 hrs post-prandial blood sugar.
6- ECG.
7- Arterial blood gases (ABG) analysis.
8- Estimation of serum Interleukin-6 by ELISA.
9- Estimation of plasma fibrinogen level using Sysmex CA-1500.