الفهرس 
Diagnosis & Staging of cancer prostateOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Our assay aimed to asses the most recent tumor markers of prostate cancer. Discussion of their types, role in diagnosis, role in staging, and disease follow up.
Discovery of molecular derivatives of PSA and new Kallikrein markers has improved prostate cancer detection. Application of various PSA derivatives, although improving sensitivity, risks impairing specificity.
Early detection when cancer remains confined to the prostate will not only improve cure rates but also decreases the mortality from this disease.
The concept of measuring the proportions of various forms of PSA in serum, particularly the proportion of free to total PSA, represents a new and exciting method of detecting early curable prostate cancers and avoiding unnecessary prostate biopsies in men who have BPH only.
cPSA is attractive as a single test, which provides information similar to that of f/t PSA ratio but offers the advantages of minimized test variability and stability. It is a potential new marker for prostate cancer detection and screening.
The currently best established new marker is cPSA. This single test has potential of a higher stability (as compared to free PSA) and its performance in the low serum PSA range will definitely improve our detection and screening efforts.
The purpose of this review is to examine the current status of markers in prostate cancer and to assess the diagnostic potential for future markers from identified genes and molecules that display loss, mutation, or alteration in expression between tumor and normal prostate tissues.
To date, few of these markers have achieved widespread clinical utility. If we are to improve on the treatment of prostate cancer in the 21st century, we must identify and develop markers that are more clinically informative for this disease and that will allow risk-based individualization of therapy.
Despite the current interest in PSMA as a target of therapy for patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and clinical use of PSMA-directed tumor imaging (ProstaScint), PSMA expression in primary prostate cancer has not been evaluated previously as a standalone prognostic marker.
Recently, DD3 has been described as one of the most prostate cancer specific genes. Unfortunately, the biological function of DD3 has not been unraveled, and no homology to any gene present in the computer databases has been found.
For future clinical applications, a real-time, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR test will provide a very sensitive and specific tool to detect prostate tumor cells in tissue biopsies and bodily fluids.
PSA remains the first line test for prostate cancer screening. However, improvements in the specificity and sensitivity of this screening method are imperative, new tumor markers are required for prostate cancer detection, staging and monitoring. The new molecular forms of PSA are exciting but further studies are required to validate its clinical application.
In conclusion we believe that the intelligent use of PSA testing combined with expert treatment of appropriately-selected patients will continue to reduce the prostate cancer mortality rates with acceptable side effects.