الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Following, the studied topics and a summary of the achieved results are: A- Biological studies : 1- The effect of different host plants on biology of T. squali Data shows that the duration of incubation period of eggs , total larval stages, pupal stage and the period from egg hatching emergence of adults on rose longer than on banana fruits. Data indicates that food type did not significantly affected the adul
female duration for the preoviposition and postoviposition periods or total longevity. While there was a significant effect in the oviposition period which was somewhat longer for adults fed on banana than those fed on rose .The average longevity of adult male was longer on banana as compared to rose plant. The average number of eggs laid per female was found to be significantl affected by adult food. It was 35.90±6.30 eggs/female when reared on banana, as compared to 33.50±8.50 eggs/female when reared on rose, respectively. B- Ecological studies : 1-The population density of the T. squalida adults under field conditions on broad bean (Vicia faba) and wheat plants (Triticum vulgare): Data shows that There was one peak of T. squalida insect
population reared on broad bean and wheat occurred on March 30th and 20th during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons, where the mean number of beetles were (100- 105 adults/100 plants) and (99.33 - 102.00 adults/100plants) on broad bean and wheat on two seasons, respectively. The general average number of T. squalida was 70.57
and 60.69 adults/100 plants during 2003/2004 on broad bean and wheat plants, respectively. The general average number of T. squalida during 2004/2005 season on broad bean and wheat plants was 71.39 and 71.14 adults, respectively. C-Pest control studies: 1- Efficacy of different coloured traps towards T. squalida adults under field conditions during two seasons:- Adult of T. squalida were attracted to some colours, i.e., blue, white, yellow and red. The majority of beetles were attracted to the
blue traps during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons. It could be concluded that using blue basins as traps for T. squalida adults in host plants are convenient procedure for trapping the highest number of beetles as well as avoiding beetles attack and achieving the highest yield. 2- Effectiveness of three entomogenus nematodes,
Steinernema riobrave; S. carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against adults of T. squalida: In this experiment it was used three kinds of ntomopathogenic nematodes. The result indicate that after four days of treatment the highest mortality caused by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was 92.5% at 1000 JIs/insect concentration;
followed by Sterinema riobrave 83.5% at 1000 JIs/insect and finally S. carpocapsae 70% at 1000 JIs/insect. from above results it was concluded T. squalida has one generation per year. Temperature plays a reliable role in regulating the change in the
population developmental rate and consequently, the population density of an insect. Types of adult’s food significantly affected the total developmental stages (banana slices were more favourable than rose plant).It was concluded that blue basins traps are the most convenient procedure for trapping T. squalida. Finally highest mortality caused by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.