الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two experiments were carried out at the Poultry Research Farm, Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University during the period from 2007 to 2011.
The first experiment aimed to study the effect of partial replacement of palm date meat meal or wheat bran (supplemented with enzymes) for yellow corn on the productive and reproductive performance of Dandarawi layers at various levels of energy and available phosphorus in their diet. The second experiment aimed to determine the effect of partial replacement of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) for yellow corn on the productive performance of Cobb broiler chickens.
In the first experiment, one-day old Dandarawi chickens were raised and fed pre-experimental diets. At age of sexual maturity, three hundred chickens were individually weighed and randomly distributed into fifteen groups (18 hens+2 males per group), each group was further divided into 2 replicates (9 hens+1 male/ replicate). The birds were kept in floor system house, where feed and water were provided ad libitum and hens were exposed to 17 hr. incandescent light/day. Treatments were started when egg laying rate reached 50% which was considered to be the age of sexual maturity of the flock (28 weeks old). Hens of the 15 groups were fed according to the next protocol from the age of sexual maturity till the end of the experiment at 44 weeks old:
(1) Corn-SBM, 2800 kcal ME, 0.40% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0mg/kg Avizyme(control)
(2) 15% WB, 2800 kcal ME, 0.40% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(3) 15% PDMM, 2800 kcal ME, 0.40% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(4) Corn-SBM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(5) Corn-SBM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 150 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(6) Corn-SBM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 150 mg/kg Avizyme
(7) Corn-SBM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 150 mg/kg Phyzyme, 150 mg/kg Avizyme
(8) 15% WB, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(9) 15% WB, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 150 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(10) 15% WB, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 150 mg/kg Avizyme (11) 15% WB, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 150 mg/kg Phyzyme, 150 mg/kg Avizyme
(12) 15% PDMM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(13) 15% PDMM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 150 mg/kg Phyzyme, 0.0 mg/kg Avizyme
(14) 15% PDMM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 0.0 mg/kg Phyzyme, 150mg/kg Avizyme
(15) 15% PDMM, 2600 kcal ME, 0.25% av. P, 150 mg/kg Phyzyme, 150mg/kg Avizyme
The following criteria were estimated: egg production and egg quality, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio, blood parameters, body organs and glands, fertility and hatchability and economical efficiency.
In the second experiment, one hundred and eighty, unsexed one day-old broilers chicks (Cobb) were used. All chicks were wing banded, individually weighed and randomly distributed into six groups (30 chicks/ group) each group was further divided into 3 replicates (10 chicks/ replicate). Chicks were fed starter diets (DS) till three weeks of age and then grower diets (DG) till 6 weeks of age. Group1 (control) was fed DS1 and then DG1 (Corn-SBM based diets); group2 was fed DS2 and then DG2 (similar to DS1 and DG1 but contained 30% DDGS in partial replacement of corn without adjustment for energy, protein and total lysine); group3 was fed DS3 and then DG3 (contained 30% DDGS in partial replacement of corn with adjustment for energy, protein, and total lysine to be equal to DS1 and DG1); group4 was fed DS4 and then DG4 (contained 30% DDGS in partial replacement of corn with adjustment for energy, protein, and available lysine to be equal to DS1 and DG1); group5 was fed DS1 and then DG3; group6 was fed DS1 and then DG4. Body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio were weekly evaluated. At the end of the experiment, six birds from each treatment were slaughtered to estimate different carcass measurements and body parts.
The results of the first trial could be summarized as follows:
A- Egg production:
1- Replacing 15 % diet (about 30% YC) with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect egg weight even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal/kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on egg weight.
2- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets adversely affected egg number and egg laying rate at both levels of energy (2800, 2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.40, 0.25%). However, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme) to WB diet at the lower level of energy and P available was of significant enhancement effect on egg number and egg laying rate.
3- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets adversely affected egg mass at both levels of energy (2800 and 2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.40 and 0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes had no useful effect on egg mass except of Phyzyme to WB diet. Despite of replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect egg weight, however, a negative effect on laying rate and egg mass was detected.
B.1. Feed intake:
1- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets would affect feed intake at both levels of energy (2800 and 2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.40 and 0.25%). However, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) did not show significant effect on feed intake.
B.2. Feed conversion ratio:
1- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets negatively affected feed conversion ratio at both levels of energy (2800 and 2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.40 and 0.25%). Moreover, effect of enzymes supplementation was more pronounced in case of Phyzyme in WB diet. Therefore, FCR was better in Corn-Soy diets even without any enzymes supplementation.
C- Egg quality:
1- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect yolk weight even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzyme (Phyzyme) to WB diet had a positive effect on yolk weight and percentage.
2- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect albumen weight or percentage at the higher level of energy (2800 kcal / kg) and available P (0.40%) however, at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%), albumen weight and percentage increased. On the opposite, supplementation of enzyme (Avizyme) with WB showed significant negative effect (P<0.05) on albumen weight.
3- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect eggshell weight or eggshell percentage even at low levels of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). However, supplementation of enzyme (Avizyme) to WB diet had significant and negative effect on eggshell weight and percentage.
4-Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect shape index or yolk index even at low levels of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
5- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets negatively affected yolk color.
6- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in lower energy and available P Dandarawi layers diets did not affect Haugh units.
7- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect shell thickness despite level of energy and available P.
8- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets at low level of energy and available P did not affect shell strength.
D- Blood parameters of laying hens:
1- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect total protein even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on total protein.
2- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect albumin even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on albumin level.
3- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect total lipids or calcium concentration even at low levels of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
4- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect glucose level even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) was of significant effect on glucose in YC-SBM diet only.
E- Blood parameters of male chickens:
1- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi cocks diets did not affect total protein or calcium even at low levels of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
2- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi cocks diets did not affect albumin even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on albumin level.
3- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi cocks diets would increase total lipids at both levels of energy (2800 and 2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.40 and 0.25%). However, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) did not show significant effect on total lipids
4- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi cocks diets did not affect glucose even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on glucose.
F- Body organs and glands:
1- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect liver weight or percentage even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Furthermore, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on liver weight or percentage.
2- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect gizzard weight or percentage even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). However, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) showed significant effect on gizzard weight or percentage to PDMM diet only at the lower level of energy and available P.
3- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect ovary weight or percentage even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). However, ovary percentage increased by addition of (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) ) to PDMM diet at the lower level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
4- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect heart weight or percentage even at low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). However, heart percentage was affected by the addition of (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) to PDMM diet at the lower level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
5- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect spleen weight or percentage even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). However, spleen weight or percentage was affected by the addition of (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) to WB diet at the lower level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
6- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect cecum weight or percentage even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on cecum weight or percentage.
7- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect abdominal fat weight or percentage even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on abdominal fat weight or percentage in case of corn-soy and at replacing 15 % diet with WB. However, when replacing 15 % diet with PDMM a significant (P<0.05) effect was detected.
8- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect oviduct or cecum lengths even at the low levels of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
9- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect number of mature follicles even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). Moreover, supplementation of enzymes (Phyzyme and /or Avizyme) had no significant effect on number of mature follicles.
G. Fertility and hatchability:
1- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect fertility even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). However, supplementation of enzymes (+ Avizyme) alone to corn- soybean diet had a negative effect on fertility percentage.
2- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect hatchability even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%).
3- Replacing 15 % diet with WB or PDMM instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets did not affect body weight at hatch even at the low level of energy (2600 kcal / kg) and available P (0.25%). However, supplementation of enzymes to corn- soybean and PDMM diets had negative effect on body weight of chicks at hatch.
I-Economical efficiency:
The corn- SBM diet (control) resulted in the best economical efficiency. However, addition of Phyzyme to WB at the lower level of energy and available P was of relative economical advantage.
In general, substitution of 15 % diet with PDMM or WB instead of YC in Dandarawi layers diets at different levels of energy and available phosphorus is not recommended even with enzymes supplementation.
The results of the second trial may be summarized as follows:
A. Body weight and body weight gain:
1- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets did not have any significant impact on body weight and body weight gain during the period from 0 to 3 wks of age.
1- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine from 4 to 6 wks of age in Cobb broiler diets positively affected body weight gain.
2- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein ,total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets significantly increased body weight and body weight gain till 6 weeks of age.
B. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR):
1- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS with or without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets did not affect FC or FCR from 0 to 3 wks of age.
2- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets did not affect FC or FCR from 4 to 6 wks of age. However, FC tended to be increased comparing to the control group.
3- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets significantly increase FC but not FCR from 0 to 6 wks of age.
C. Carcass measurements and body parts:
1- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets tended to increase dressed carcass weight
2- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS with or without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets had no significant affect on whole leg weight, however; the whole leg percentage was significantly decreased comparing to the control group.
3- Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine in Cobb broiler diets positively affected breast meat weight and percentage.
4- There were no significant differences between treatments in other carcass characteristics except a significant lower weight and percentage of abdominal fat and a tendency of higher weight and percentage of gizzard due to replacing 30% diet with DDGS instead of YC without adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine from 0 till 6 wks of age.
D- Economical efficiency.
Replacing 30% diet (about 50% of YC) with DDGS without any adjustment for energy, protein, total or available lysine had positive effect on economical efficiency.
Therefore, it is recommended to replace 30 % diet (about 50% YC) with DDGS from 0 to 6 wks of age without any need to adjust energy, protein and total or available lysine in Cobb broilers diets.