الفهرس 
ETHNOL AND FOSSIL FUELS
Bacteria and ethanol productionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of chronic arthritis. Osteoarthritis is characterized by joint pain and mobility impairment associated with the gradual wearing of cartilage. The pain and disability associated with osteoarthritis affects approximately 10% of men and 18% of women over 60 years of age. Arthritis, comprising osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common self-reported chronic condition. People with osteoarthritis have higher direct costs compared to those without the condition.
Osteoarthritis is associated with risk factors and determinants which are non-modifiable such as old age, female gender, etc. or modifiable like overweight, physical activity, muscle weakness, etc.
Non-pharmacological interventions for osteoarthritis include: non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapy. Self-management involves developing the capacity to manage pain, adapt to changes in functional performance, and manage psychosocial factors including anxiety, depression and helplessness.
Quality of life is a broad concept referring not only to physical and mental health status and independence, but also to environmental and economic factors that influence well-being. Health-related quality of life encompasses a range of domains that may be affected by health conditions or health services. Measurement of health-related quality of life provides an indication of the individual impact of the condition and the effects of treatment on health related quality of life. It seems particularly appropriate to measure HRQL in arthritis patients because the chronic debilitating nature of this disease likely takes a considerable toll on HRQL. There are two basic approaches to measuring HRQL. The first involves the use of generic instruments that measure broad aspects of HRQL such as Short Form 36 (SF-36). The second approach to measuring HRQL involves the use of instruments that are specific to a disease like WOMAC. The major consequences of osteoarthritis are: pain, stiffness, loss of joint mobility, disability, loss of independence, reduced social interaction, deformity, decline in well-being, and to a limited extent, mortality.