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Abstract
summary and conclusion the present study aims to evaluate the possible protective and curative effect of some agriculture wastes as natural antioxidants ; i.e. ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e against cancer-inducer (i.e. ccl4), which produce changes in certain biochemical parameters and histological ultrastructure of liver and kidney of rats treated with (ccl4) to achieve this aim the following procedures was carried out 1 - determination of the total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity content of the ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin and orange peel 2 - identification of the essential component in the ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin and orange peel using gc-ms 3- experiments were done using 100 male albino rats weighting 130 - 160g. rats were housed in a separate metal cage under the same constant environmental and nutritional condition through the period of investigation, all rats were fed on normal diet for two weeks, then rats were divided randomly into ten groups each group composed 10 rats as follows : group 1 : negative control normal diet group 2 : positive control received ccl4 orally, group 3 : received orally artichoke leaves extract + ccl4 (protective effect), group 4 : received orally ccl4 + artichoke leaves extract (curative effect) group 5 : received orally onion skin extract + ccl4 (protective effect)group 6 : received orally ccl4 + onion skin extract (curative effect) group 7 : received orally orange peel extract + ccl4 (protective effect) group 8 : received orally ccl4 +orange peel extract (curative effect), group 9 : received orally vitamin e + ccl4 (protective effect) group 10 : received orally ccl4 + vitamin e (curative effect), blood samples were collected from rats at o time, after 4 week and at the end of the experimental periods (8weeks, blood samples were divided into two parts, the first part was used for studying the hematological parameters, the second part was used for the determination of biochemical parameters, all these studies were done for all groups, blood samples were used for detection of the following 2 - ast 3- total protein, 4 - globulin 5- albumin, 6 - total bilirubin, 7 - direct bilirubin, 8 - urea 9 - creatinine, 10 - uric acid 11 - total cholesterol 12-triglyceride 13 - hdl 14 -ldl 15 - mda 16- gst hematological studies : in these studies the following parameters were determined; hemoglobin, rbc’s, mcv, mch, mchc, wbc’s and hematocrit histological studies : histological examination of the liver and the kidney of rats treated with ccl4 and different antioxidants were done body weight and weight of different organs (liver, kidney, spleen, lungs and testis) were recorded the obtained results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin and orange peel represents as 17.53%, 24.54% and 14.84% respectively of the weight of by product while the percentage of the total phenolic content were 8.46%, 8.78% and 5.27% respectively of by -product weight. the obtained results showed that ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin and orange peel contain important phenolic compounds include, luteolin 7 -rutinoside, cynaroside and cynarin), (gallic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin and kaempferol) and (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, naringin, hesperidin and myricetin) respectively, all these compounds are effective as antioxidants 1- liver function (alt, ast, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin) in rats treated with ccl4 : ● administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to normal rats exhibited a significant decrease in alt, ast, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin after four weeks as compared with negative control group, ● however ccl4 caused a significant increase in alt, ast, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin after the first four week as compared with other groups, ● while administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to rats with acute hepatotoxicity exhibited a non significant increase in alt, ast, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin after 8 weeks as compared with positive control group 2 - effect on total protein, albumin, globulin and a/g ratio : a depressive effect of ccl4 was noticed on all levels of total protein, albumin, globulin and a/g ratio as compared with the control group, ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e enhanced the accumulation of protein fraction and they effectively regulate a / g ratio after 8 week in rats treated with ccl4, 3- effect of different treatment on kidney function; urea, uric acid and creatinine in rats treated with ccl4 : ● administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to normal rats exhibited a significant decrease in urea, uric acid and creatinine after four weeks as compared with negative control group, ● however ccl4 caused a significant increase in urea, uric acid and creatinine after four week as compared with other groups, ● while administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to rats with acute hepatotoxicity exhibited a non significant increase in urea, uric acid and creatinine after 8 weeks as compared with positive control groupr, 4 - effect of different treatment in serum lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, hdl-cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol) administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to normal rats exhibited a significant in decrease cholesterol, triglyceride and ldl-cholesterol after four weeks as compared with negative control group while, a significant increase in hdl-cholesterol was achieved ● however ccl4 caused a significant increase in cholesterol, triglyceride and ldl-cholesterol after four week as compared with other groups while, a significant decreased in hdl-cholesterol was occurred ● while administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to rats with acute hepatotoxicity exhibited a non significant increase in cholesterol, triglyceride and ldl-cholesterol after 8 weeks as compared with positive control group while, non significant decreased in hdl-cholesterol was accomplished, 5- effect of different treatment on antioxidant markers : ● administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to normal rats exhibited a significant decrease in serum malondialdehyde after four weeks as compared with negative control group while, a significant increase in plasma glutathione-s-transferase was observed, ● however ccl4 caused a significant increase in serum malondialdehyde after four week as compared with other groups while, a significant decrease in plasma glutathione - s - transferase was noticed, ● while administration of ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e to rats with acute hepatotoxicity exhibited a non significant increase in serum malondialdehyde after 8 weeks as compared with positive control group while, non significant decreased plasma glutathione - s - transferase was acquired, 6 - effect of different treatment on some hematological parameters the results of hematological examination indicated that a depression in total rbcs, including hemoglobin content of the blood in groups ii comparing with negative control. while, giving antioxidant to rats led to an improvement in hematological parameters of blood i.e. rbcs, hb, pcv, mcv, mch, mchc and wbcs the primary biological role of antioxidants is to prevent the damage that reactive free radicals can cause to cellular components conclusion we highly recommend the use of natural antioxidant i.e. ethanolic extracts of artichoke leave, onion skin, orange peel and vitamin e separately or in combinations in order to avoid the different hazards which can happen from (ccl4) the presence of free radicals. also, we highly recommend taking these extracts or their other products through the human diets as food complementary to quench the harmful effect of free radicals.