الفهرس يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The Effects of application of different organic fertilizers into sandy soil from Toushka on its fertility were studied. Utilization of vinasse due its natural contents of organic compounds and nutrients (such as K, P, N, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) And urea as starter N fertilizer source in Toushka area need to be studied.
The study was focused on the following objectives:
1. Effect of adding Farmyard Manure, Tcamolia, and Nile Compost on NH3-volatilization either from Urea or from the applied organic matter.
2. Effete of vinasse application on the ammonia volatilization
3. Effect of added organic fertilizers, urea, and vinasse on some soil chemical properties Effect of added organic fertilizers, urea, and vinasse on wheat and maize plant growth.
The obtained results will be summarized as it follows
IIV.1 Laboratory Incubation Experiment:
1 Rate and cumulative ammonia volatilization:
1.1Effect of Urea and Vinasse on Loamy Sand and Sandy loam Soil:
1-Rate of ammonia volatilization from both soils when received 120 kg, 2 40 kg urea alone or 2.75m3 fed-1 vinasse show negligible rate of ammonia losses.
2-Adding vinasse with urea increased the rates of volatilization in the 9th to 40.14 and 1163.92 µgNh-1 from the loamy sand soil, and to 16.26 and 94.50 µg Nh-1 from sandy loam soil when 120, and 240 kg urea fed-1, respectively.
3- Adding 120 kg urea fed-1 or 2.75 m3 fed-1 of vinasse, separately, show negligible total ammonia losses.
4-Adding 120 kg urea + vinasse; 240 kg urea alone; and 240 kg urea + vinasse showed total ammonia losses of 24.40; 30.30; and 174.44 % from the loamy sandy soil, and 9.23; 3.04; and 23.02 % of urea applied to the sandy loam soil, respectively.
1.1.2 Effect of applied organic fertilizers on ammonia volatilization:
The rate and the total ammonia volatilization by application of all organic fertilizers from both soils showed a general trends of high ammonia volatilization, either when urea was added alone or with Vinasse and by increasing the rate of farm yard manure from 6 to 24 ton fed-1. However, adding organic fertilizers alone or with vinasse produced negligible rates and total ammonia volatilization
1.1.2.1 Effect on the rate and total ammonia volatilization:
1.1.2.1.a- The rate of ammonia losses fromFarm Yard Manure (FYM) treatments:
Toushka loamy sand soil:
1-When 6 tons of FYM +240 kg urea produced rate of 127.97 µg N h-1after 6 days.
Adding vinasse produced higher rate of 210.81 µg N h-1
2-When 12 tons FYM +120 kg urea or plus vinasse produced rate of 210.73,µg N h-1 in the 3rd day, and increased 370.17 µg N h-1 in the 3rd day by vinasse.
3-Adding 12 tons of FYM +120 kg urea produced higher rates than that from 6 tons of FYM +240 kg?
4-When 18 or 24 tons FYM +240 kg urea produced rate of 1821 or 2878 µg N h-1 on 9th day.
Adding vinasse produced higher rate of 3230 or 2882 µg N h-1 on the 9th day.
5- The rates of volatilization from 18 and 24 tons fed-1 were 9 folds of those from 12 tons of FYM.
6- The Cumulative ammonia volatilization were 19.21, 17.03, 345.71, and 458.09 mg N per bottle when soil received 6, 12, 18, and 24 tons FYM + Urea, respectively. These values were increased to 34.63, 25.52, 400.95, and 430.94 mg N per bottle when vinasse was added.
In the sandy loam soil:
1- Aadding 6 tons FYM +240 kg urea produced rate of 151.59 µg N h-1after 6 days, which was increased to 173.14 µg N h-1 on the 3rd day with vinasse application.
2-When 12 tons FYM +120 kg urea produced rate of 193.41 µg N h-1 in the 3rd day.
3- Applying urea alone or with vinasse as: 6tons FYM + 240 kg urea or 12 tons FYM + 120 kg urea, caused volatilization range of 26-29 % of the applied urea in both treatments.
1.2 .1.B Nile Compost (NC):
1-Adding 6 tons Nile Compost +240 kg urea, produced rates of 53.16 µg N h-1 in the 6th day, which was increased to 201.23 µg N h-1 on the 3rd day with vinasse application.
2-Application of 12 tons NC +120 kg urea produced rate of 50.40 µg N h-1 on the 12th day, which was increased to 85.35µg N h-1 on the 9rd day with vinasse application.
3- adding 18 or 24 tons Nile Compost +240 kg urea produced rates of 2839 and 2542.20µg N h-1 in the 9th day, which was increased by vinasse to 3921.43 and 2033.09 µg N h-1 in the 9th day.
4- The rates of volatilization from 18 tons fed-1was 10-50 folds of that from 6 and 12.
6-Cumulative total N-volatilization was 15.99, 11.45, 415.01, and 262.92mg N from the Toushka sandy soil which received 6, 12, 18, and 24 tons Nile Compost + Urea, respectively. These values were increased to 31.89, 17.88, 438.38, and 318.67 with vinasse.
1.2 .1.C Tacamolia Fertilizer (TC):
1- Adding 6 or 12 tons of Tacamolia +120 kg urea + vinasse produced higher initial rates of 173.82µg N h-1 on the 3rd. The hydrolysis matched the applied urea with the 6 tons TC
2-Adding 18 or 24 tons of Tacamolia +240 kg urea produced rates of 1937.35 and 2432.38 µg N h-1 on the 9th day. Adding vinasse increased the rates to 3375.15 and 3259.13µg N h-1 on the 9th day, respectively
3-The total N-volatilization from loamy sand soil was 28.94, 14.79, 190.29, and 292.09mg N per bottle which received 6, 12, 18, and 24 tons Tacamolia + Urea, respectively. These values were increased to 29.86, 22.21, 335.78, and 339.77 when vinasse was added.
4- Sandy loam soil: Appling 6 tons Tacamolia +240 kg urea, or 12 tons Tacamolia +120 kg urea with vinasse produced rates of about 156 µg N h-1 in the 3rdday. And negligible total losses.
IV.1.1.3 Effect of Fertilization and Incubation on some Soil chemical Properties
1-Effects on plain Soil
Soil Salinity:
1- The EC1:1 of the loamy sand soil increased from 0.98 dSm-1 , for the control soil to 1.15 , 1.48, 1.47, 1.43, and 1.41dSm-1 by application of vinasse, urea 120 kg , vinasse + urea 120 kg, urea 240 kg, and vinasse + urea 240 kg, respectively.
2- -The EC1:1 of the sandy loam soil increased from 1.80 dSm-1, for the untreated soil to 1.97 , 2.07, 2.20, 1.99 and 2.04 dSm-1by application of vinasse, urea 120 kg , vinasse + urea 120 kg , urea 240 kg , and vinasse + urea 240 kg, respectively.
Soil pH:
1- The pH1:1 of the loamy sand soil increased from 7.38 for the control soil to 8.11, 7.99, 8.12, 8.23, and 8.15 by application of vinasse 2.75 m3 fed-1, urea 120 kg, vinasse + urea 120 kg , urea 240 kg , and vinasse + urea 240 kg , respectively.
2- The pH1:1 of the sandy loam soil increased from 8.01, for the untreated soil to 8.10, 7.91, 8.06, 8.13, and 8.23 by application of vinasse 2.75 m3 , urea 120 kg , vinasse + urea 120 kg, urea 240 kg, and vinasse + urea 240 kg , respectively.
Soil Residual Organic Matter
1-The residual organic matter in the loamy sand soil increased from 0.23 in the untreated soil to 0.27, 0.31, 0.33, 0.53, and 0.59 % by application of vinasse 2.75 m3 fed-1, urea 120 kg, vinasse + urea 120 kg, urea 240 kg, and vinasse + urea 240 kg, respectively. 2- The residual organic matter in the loamy sand soil increased from 0.51, in the untreated soil to 0.57, 0.62, 0.61, 0.75, and 0.78 by application of vinasse 2.75 m3, urea 120 kg , vinasse + urea 120 kg, urea 240 kg, and vinasse + urea 240 kg, respectively.
Soil soluble Cations:
Potassium:
1-In the loamy sand soil, soluble K was increased from 58.10 ppm in the untreated soil to 81.6, 66.4, 91.3, 85.1, and 99.2 ppm by application of vinasse , urea-1, vinasse + urea-1 , urea-2 , and vinasse + urea-2, respectively.
2- In the sandy loam soil, K was increased from 112.1, in the untreated soil to 126.3, 120.4, 137.0, 124.5, and 147.0 by application of vinasse , urea-1, vinasse + urea-1, urea-2, and vinasse + urea-2, respectively.
Soil soluble Cations:
Potassium 1- In the loamy sand soil Na was increased from 101 ppm in the control soil to142, 151, 150, 138, and 138 ppm by application of vinasse , urea-1, vinasse + urea-1 , urea-2 , and vinasse + urea-2, respectively.
2- While in the sandy loam soil, K was increased from 250, in the control soil to 362, 280, 370, 320, and 380 by application of vinasse, urea-1, vinasse + urea-1, urea-2, and vinasse + urea-2, respectively.
Calcium
In the sandy soil soluble Ca was increased by application of vinasse and or urea from 2.48 meq/100g of the untreated soil to 2.61, 2.12, 3.84, 2.77, and 3.72 by application of vinasse , urea-1, vinasse + urea-1 , urea-2 , and vinasse + urea-2, respectively.
2- In the loamy sand soil Ca was increased from 2.35 meq/100g of the untreated soil to 2.55, 2.43, 2.82, 2.18, and 2.43 by application of vinasse , urea-1, vinasse + urea-1, urea-2, and vinasse + urea-2, respectively. Gameh (1990, 1991) in his study on the calcareous soil found that calcium become more soluble by urea fertilization.
2-Effect Farm Yard Manure
Soil Salinity:
The EC1:2 values were increased from 1.17 to 1.97dSm-1, by increasing FYM application from 6 to 24 tons fed-1. Vinasse did not change EC, but adding urea or urea + vinasse increased the EC values to 2.57 and 2.41 dSm-1. Similar results for the sandy loam.
Soil pH and ammonia losses:
When vinasse was added with FYM the pH values decreased by 0.2 pH unit.
While adding urea caused 0.15 pH reduction.
But huge amounts (1077 ppm N) of ammonia were volatilized with adding 18, and 24 tons of FYM +urea or urea + vinasse. That was caused by the high pH values to 8.60 pH.
The pH in the sandy loam soils was reduced from 0.17 pH unit by increasing the FYM from 6 to 12 tons fed-1.
Soil Residual Organic Matter
Organic matter was increased from 0.45 to 1.91 % by increasing the FYM rate from 6 to 24 tons fed-1
The OM and losses from the 6 and 12 tons FYM+ urea + vinasse were similar from both soils.
Soil soluble Cations:
Potassium:
Application of FYM 6, 12, 18, and 24 tons fed-1, produced 116, 166, 252, and 480 ppm soluble K. potassium, respectively. Adding vinasse elevated those numbers to 133, 191, 340, and 712 ppm K. Sodium:
Sodium was almost doubled by increasing FYM application from 6 till 24 tons fed-1. But adding FYM +vinasse +urea caused the highest increase of Na to 540 ppm.
. Similar results were reported by Tauk et al,(1990).
Calcium
Adding urea or urea + vinasse to FYM elevated the soluble Calcium markedly to reach 766, and 911 ppm from 24 tons FYM.
3- Comparative between FYM, Tacamolia, and Nile compost effects on Soil Chemical analysis:
Soil Salinity:
The ranges of EC were 1.38 – 4.76, 1.17 – 2.41, and 1.03 – 2.24 dSm-1 for Tacamolia, FYM, and Nile composts. The high salt contents of Tacamolia is due to the high amounts of vinasse, potassium sulfate, superphosohate, and sulfur added during its manufacturing.
Soil pH:
Ranges were 7.39 – 6.98 8.1 – 8.6, and 7.64- 8.45 pH, for Tacamolia, FYM, and Nile composts. FYM at 24 tons + urea+ vinasse produced the highest pH and highest ammonia losses.
Soil Residual Organic Matter
The OM ranges were, 0.45 – 2.10, 0.45 – 1.91, and 0.43 – 1.12 for Tacamolia, FYM, and Nile composts. This highest figure of Tacamolia was for the 12 tons + vinasse.
Soil soluble Cations:
Potassium:
-Increasing the rates of applied OM produce the following increases in soluble K : 149, 174, 482, and 706 ; for Tacamolia, 116, 166, 252, and 480 for FYM; and 125, 174, 242, and 480, for Nile composts. Addition of OM +urea+ vinasse produce the following increases in soluble K : 291, 387, 579, and 891 for Tacamolia; 129, 178, 350, and 721 for FYM; and 141, 226, 587, and 713 for Nile composts.
Sodium:
-Increasing the rates of applied OM produce the following increases in soluble Na: 106, 146, 223, and 663 for Tacamolia; 116, 174, 252, and 480 for FYM; and 175, 125, 168, and 300 for Nile composts. –Application of OM +urea+ vinasse produce the following increases in soluble Na : 156, 207, 343, and 773 for Tacamolia; 120, 178, 350, and 721 for FYM ; and 152, 259, 273, and 416 for Nile composts,
Calcium:
Increasing the rates of applied OM alone produce the following increases in soluble Ca: 396, 645, 1537, and 2387 for Tacamolia; 180, 324, 419, and 523 for FYM; and 342, 396, 468, and 559, for Nile composts.
Applied OM +urea+ vinasse produce the following increases in soluble Ca: 577, 722, 963, and 2324 for Tacamolia; 314, 459, 531, and 911 for FYM,; 470, 523, 496, and 351for Nile composts.
Generally, Tacamolia has the highest soluble cations which may due to the high amounts of vinasse, potassium sulfate, superphosohate, and sulfur added during the manufacturing of that fertilizer
IV.2 Pots experiment:-
III.2.1 Maize preliminary experiment using different levels of four Organic fertilizers
Maize Plant Length:
-Increasing the organic mater from the 6 to 12tons only increased the plant length significantly.
-Farm yard manure gave positive response at 6 and 12 tons which equal 34 m3fed-1, is close to the recommended application rate?
Maize Plant’s root length:
The root lengths of maize was significantly greater for those plants treated with vinasse, when 6 tons of Tacamolia, Nile compost 1, 2 and 12 tons of Nile compost 2, or FYM fertilizers were added.
Maize Plant’s Fresh weight:
-Maize plants fresh weight was significantly increased by the four variables included in the experiment. -The mean plant fresh weight were 18.21, 19.10, 22.91, and 57.74 gram per plant, receiving Nile compost 1, Nile compost 2, Tacamolia and Farm yard manure, respectively.
-The 6 tons of FYM produced maize plant weight similar to that of 9 tons of the three fertilizers.
Maize Plant’s Shot/root ratio Fresh weight
There is positive insignificant increasing in the root Fresh weight by vinasse application.
The main effect of the organic fertilizer type and level proved that shoot/root ratio decreases Maize Plant’s Dry weight:
The maize plants dry weights were increased significantly by application of the different of organic fertilizers, increasing their level, and urea. The efficiency of the fertilizers arranged as FYM > Tacamolia >Nile Compost 1 = Nile Compost 2. Application of urea almost doubled the plant dry matter
Maize shoots/roots Dry weight ratio:
The data in table 40 show that the roots grow stronger as the amount of the applied organic fertilizer increased ( the bottom line of the table). Although, neither vinasse nor urea application did not alter the shoot/root ratio.
IV.2.2 Residual effect of applying different levels of four organic fertilizers, urea, and vinasse on Maize
Maize growth was better in the residual test than the first experiment. Residual effect of application of urea and or vinasse, and the type of organic fertilizer in the following order Nile compost 1, Nile compost 2, Tacamolia, and FYM.
IV.2.3 Maize experiment using Equal Levels of the Organic fertilizers
IV.2.3 .1 Maize plant fresh weight:
Maize plants fresh weight responded positively and significantly to all treatments.
The plants weights were increased by applying control < Nile Compost 3 < Nile Compost 2 < Nile Compost 1 < Farm yard manure < Tacamolia. Increasing the rate increased plant weight till 18 or 24 tons fed-1. Application of urea or vinasse caused significant increases in the plant weight
IV.2.3 .3Maize plant length:
-Plant length responded positively and significantly to all applied fertilizers and rates except of the Nile compost-3
-Urea increased the length of maize with organic matter type or levels
-The response to Vinasse was positively significantly when applied without urea.
IV.2.3.5 Maize emergence rate and soil resistance to pentrometer
Plant emergence rate:-
The emergence of maize responded to the organic matter in the following order: Tacamolia, 1.91 < FYM, 2.41< Nile compost-1 = Nile compost-3, 3.36 = Control, 3.44 = Nile compost-2, 3.78
The worst emergence rate produced the best growth as shown
Nile compost and control produced higher emergence but lower plant growth and length
Surface soil resistance to penetrometer: ( psi = pound per square inch)
-The surface soil resistance to penetration response to the organic matter application in the following order: Tacamolia, 80.17 > Nile compost-2, 63.67 = Nile compost-1, 61.94 > Nile compost-3, 58.5 = Farm yard manure, 56.45 > Control, 55.56
-The amount of applied showed significant differences between the levels as it follow:
Cont 0 55.56 < 6 tons, 58.41 < 12 tons, 63.66 < 18 tons, > 24 tons, 64.00.
-Vinasse, Urea and urea with vinasse application reduced the soil resistance significantly,
The highest resistance was obtend when the soil received 24 tons of Tacamolia.
IV.2.4 Residual effect on wheat after maize experiment using Equal Levels of the Organic fertilizers
Wheat plants fresh weight
1- Wheat plants fresh weight (g/pot) was increased significantly by the residual effect of the organic fertilizers as in the following order: FYM > Nile compost-2 > Tacamolia = Nile compost-3 > Nile compost-1 > control.
2-The residual effect of the organic fertilizer rates from control to 24 tons was increased significantly.
3-Application of urea and or vinasse caused significant increases in the plant weight same as the original experiment. Application of urea increased the weight by 204%, while, vinasse produced increase =143%.
IIV.2.5 Effect of using three levels of four organic fertilizers, urea, and vinasse on wheat
2.5.1-Tillering:
Organic fertilizers increased the number of tiller in the following order:
Nile compost-2 = Nile compost-1 = Tacamolia > FYM = Control
The application of urea, vinasse, and the OM till 12 tons, increased Tillering.
2.5.2-Wheat plants fresh weight and Spikes weight
Both wheat plants fresh weight or spikes weight g/pot were increased by the organic fertilizer in the following order: Tacamolia > Nile compost-2 > Nile compost-1 > FYM > control
Increasing the OM rate gave steady significant increases till the 12 tons of Nile compost 1, 2 and to the 18 tons of Tacamolia and FYM.
2.5.3- Plant chemical analysis
A- Potassium content in wheat grains:
Potassium content in the wheat spikes was increased significantly by application of Tacamolia only. The rate of 12 tons fed-1 was the only one to vary significantly from the other levels.
B-Iron content in wheat grains: Fe content in the wheat grains produced the following order: 472.97 ppm Fe for the control = 448.75 for Nile compost-1 > 418.56 for Tacamolia = 399.15 for Nile compost 2 > 366.68 for FYM
C-Manganese content in the grains:
The Mn content in grains produced the following values and order of significant: 56.10 ppm Mn, for Nile compost-1 > 51.82 for Tacamolia > 46.32 for the control > 44.88 Nile cmposet-2 > 42.7 for FYM.
D-Zinc content in the grains
Data of Zinc content in the wheat grains did not reflect any significant differences except that, the 6 tons rate produced the highest average of Zn which may be due to the least growth and grain weight.
E-Cupper content in wheat grains:
Cu content in grains was in the following order: 21.42 ppm Cu, for Tacamolia > 19.57 for Nile compost-2 > 19.21 for Nile cmposet-1 > 18.03 for the control > 15.57 for FYM