الفهرس Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The belief in the idea of resurrection represented the fundamental base in the ancient Egyptian culture especially what is associated with the funerary concepts and the realm of the netherworld. The various religious sources provided such interesting chronicles like the night passage of the sun god and the journey of deceased in the roads of the netherworld which stared after his burial. The deceased was imagined to enter the main gate to the netherworld known as R(3) + - s * f * 3w ^ 1 to reach the abode of the blessed ones represented in such beyond regions like Sht - htp Field of Offerings ” 2 and Sht-13rw” Field of Reeds ,,3
As the realm of the netherworld was considered vast with numerous passageways, its regions and places were distinguished by such architectural elements preceding their areas like ”rrwi ”gate”, sbht^ 46 portal”, ”3 ” portal ” and sb3 ” doorway”. These entrance gateways were attended by certain guardians who were featured with aggressive appearances that they would never hesitate in using violence against anyone who reach their abodes. Therefore, they represented great obstacles that threatened the success of the deceased to continue his journey.
Since the research shall mainly deal with the guardians of the netherworld gates in the New Kingdom, it seems important to display the early mentioning of the gates in religious sources chronologically since the Old Kingdom.
I. The Old Kingdom Pyramids Texts :
It was mentioned that the deceased king met many gateways which carried names referring to their places in heaven or the underworld such as for example .